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1: J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2004 Jul-Aug;7(4):297-317. Related Articles, Links Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects. Craft E, Abu-Qare A, Flaherty M, Garofolo M, Rincavage H, Abou-Donia M. Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. Depleted uranium (DU) is a by-product from the chemical enrichment of naturally occurring uranium. Natural uranium is comprised of three radioactive isotopes: (238)U, (235)U, and (234)U. This enrichment process reduces the radioactivity of DU to roughly 30% of that of natural uranium. Nonmilitary uses of DU include counterweights in airplanes, shields against radiation in medical radiotherapy units and transport of radioactive isotopes. DU has also been used during wartime in heavy tank armor, armor-piercing bullets, and missiles, due to its desirable chemical properties coupled with its decreased radioactivity. DU weapons are used unreservedly by the armed forces. Chemically and toxicologically, DU behaves similarly to natural uranium metal. Although the effects of DU on human health are not easily discerned, they may be produced by both its chemical and radiological properties. DU can be toxic to many bodily systems, as presented in this review. Most importantly, normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, and heart can be affected by DU exposure. Numerous other systems can also be affected by DU exposure, and these are also reviewed. Despite the prevalence of DU usage in many applications, limited data exist regarding the toxicological consequences on human health. This review focuses on the chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and toxicological effects of depleted and natural uranium on several systems in the mammalian body. A section on risk assessment concludes the review. Publication Types: Review Review, Tutorial PMID: 15205046
1: Med Arh. 2004;58(5):275-8. Related Articles, Links
The number of malignant neoplasm in Sarajevo region during the period 1998-2002.
Obralic N, Gavrankapetanovic F, Dizdarevic Z, Duric O, Sisic F, Selak I, Balta S, Nakas B.
Clinical Center University Sarajevo.
Due to the specific war and post-war situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina it is possible to notice some differences in the number, type, advancement, biological course, treatment and its outcome. The actual situation which appeared in connection to depleted uranium has additionally raised questions about its influence on human health and about eventual increase in the number of malignant diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In public, we often see that there are claims about enormous increase in the incidence of cancer. In order to achieve a realistic picture of actual condition and to avoid panic and ignorant attitude, correct and constant data of malignant tumors are necessary. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: To collect and analyze data on population with malignant tumors in the region of Sarajevo city, which represents a symbol of difficult times in our country in the recent past. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have collected and analysed data on, population with malignant tumors which included persons with permanent residence in Sarajevo Canton during 5-year period, from 01.01.1998, until 31.12.2002. Results were compared to regional and world indicators, and were observed in the light of specific local situation. RESULTS: During period of 5 years (1998-2002) 7733 new cases of malignant tumors were registered in Sarajevo Canton; 3940 among men and 3809 among women. Mostly registered tumors were: lung cancer, amelanotic skin tumors, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical and uterine cancer, urinary bladder cancer, prostate cancer and cancer of larynx. CONCLUSIONS: Number of all malignant tumors in the region of Sarajevo Canton correlates to those in South European countries and the one estimated by GLOBCAN 2000. High number was registered in 1998, possibly due to normalization of the health services (diagnostics and treatment of malignant tumors), which didn't exist during the war and early post-war period. After 2000, there is a gradual increase in the number of people with malignant tumors. The most common tumors are lung and breast cancer. Significant differences to estimation and data registrated in other South European counties is high number of laryngeal cancer, urinary bladder cancer, bone and cartilage sarcoma, brain tumors and malignant lymphomas among both genders. Cervical cancer is extremely high up on the list, which correlates with data in developing countries. The incidence of smoking in Bosnia and Herzegovina is extremely high, almost complete, which can influence not only the appearance of lung cancer but also laryngeal and urinary bladder cancer. It is hard to say whether the war and post-war stress, irregular and insufficient nutrition during and after the siege of the city or some other factor have influenced their appearance among exposed population and differences in the observed incidence.
PMID: 15628249
1: Papathanasiou K, Gianoulis C, Tolikas A, Dovas D, Koutsos J, Fragkedakis N, Papathanasiou N. Related Articles, Links Effect of depleted uranium weapons used in the Balkan war on the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and invasive cancer of the cervix in Greece. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2005;32(1):58-60. PMID: 15864941
2: Furlow B. Related Articles, Links Alternative to depleted uranium is carcinogenic in rats. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Apr;6(4):198. No abstract available. PMID: 15830446
3: Obralic N, Gavrankapetanovic F, Dizdarevic Z, Duric O, Sisic F, Selak I, Balta S, Nakas B. Related Articles, Links The number of malignant neoplasm in Sarajevo region during the period 1998-2002. Med Arh. 2004;58(5):275-8. PMID: 15628249
4: Craft E, Abu-Qare A, Flaherty M, Garofolo M, Rincavage H, Abou-Donia M. Related Articles, Links Depleted and natural uranium: chemistry and toxicological effects. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2004 Jul-Aug;7(4):297-317. Review. PMID: 15205046
5: Tirmarche M, Baysson H, Telle-Lamberton M. Related Articles, Links Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2004 Feb;52(1):81-90. Review. French. PMID: 15107695
6: Sztajnkrycer MD, Otten EJ. Related Articles, Links Chemical and radiological toxicity of depleted uranium. Mil Med. 2004 Mar;169(3):212-6. Review. PMID: 15080241
7: Labar B, Rudan I, Ivankovic D, Biloglav Z, Mrsic M, Strnad M, Fucic A, Znaor A, Bradic T, Campbell H. Related Articles, Links Haematological malignancies in childhood in Croatia: investigating the theories of depleted uranium, chemical plant damage and 'population mixing'. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004;19(1):55-60. PMID: 15012023
8: Miller AC, Brooks K, Smith J, Page N. Related Articles, Links Effect of the militarily-relevant heavy metals, depleted uranium and heavy metal tungsten-alloy on gene expression in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2). Mol Cell Biochem. 2004 Jan;255(1-2):247-56. PMID: 14971665
9: Gustavsson P, Talback M, Lundin A, Lagercrantz B, Gyllestad PE, Fornell L. Related Articles, Links Incidence of cancer among Swedish military and civil personnel involved in UN missions in the Balkans 1989-99. Occup Environ Med. 2004 Feb;61(2):171-3. PMID: 14739385
10: Macfarlane GJ, Biggs AM, Maconochie N, Hotopf M, Doyle P, Lunt M. Related Articles, Links Incidence of cancer among UK Gulf war veterans: cohort study. BMJ. 2003 Dec 13;327(7428):1373. PMID: 14670879
11: Bem H, Bou-Rabee F. Related Articles, Links Environmental and health consequences of depleted uranium use in the 1991 Gulf War. Environ Int. 2004 Mar;30(1):123-34. Review. PMID: 14664872
12: Rooney A. Related Articles, Links The legacy of depleted uranium. Lancet Oncol. 2003 Jun;4(6):327. No abstract available. PMID: 12788391
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