Eleven years ago, Alan Greenspan, then chairman of the Federal Reserve, mused: "How do we know when irrational exuberance has unduly escalated asset values, which then become subject to unexpected and prolonged contractions as they have in Japan over the past decade?"
The answer was we do not; we only discover afterwards. But we do know when exuberance has turned to fear and that is the mood in which many businesses enter 2008. <-- :silly:
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As this new year approaches, the US has had a perilous few months in markets and the rest of the world is realising how bad the contagion could be. The UK is feeling the effects of the Northern Rock debacle and there are fears of both a housing market crash and a falling currency. The European Central Bank is still pouring liquidity into financial markets. Only the Middle East and Asia motor smoothly onwards, if anything faster.
All of this brings varying degrees of uncertainty and worry to business leaders for 2008, depending on which industries and countries they are in. The common theme is that the landscape is more treacherous than a year ago. It could also be a year in which the brave and deep-pocketed thrive at others' expense.
The most troubled businesses in 2008 are likely to be banks, which are suffering from write-downs of structured credit and lack of liquidity. It is possible, even likely, that there will be a repetition of the liquidity crisis that hit Northern Rock and led to the UK government having to guarantee its deposits. Credit problems have been most obvious at Wall Street banks such as Citigroup and Morgan Stanley but they could easily emerge elsewhere.
That lack of confidence is likely to leak into cyclicals - the car industry is already suffering. It could spread more widely. "Even if you are three steps removed from financials, say in natural gas distribution, you will have a sense that you should be a bit more cautious," says Jack Malvey, chief global fixed income strategist at Lehman Brothers.
Uncertainty and weakness at many businesses will provide opportunities. Chris Zook, head of the global strategy practice at Bain & Company, says that 2008 will see "a significant acceleration" of the rate at which weaker businesses in commoditised industries, from steel and cement to airlines and utilities, are acquired by others. "The softening climate means that companies which are four or five or six in their industries are likely to become shock absorbers in the early part of the cycle."
The end-of-year rush by sovereign wealth funds from Singapore and the Gulf states to buy minority stakes in Wall Street banks is likely to continue and to spread to other industries. The high oil price means these funds must keep buying not only government bonds but public and private equity stakes in order to deploy the cash they are accumulating; and the downturn in the US economy is providing opportunities. Crossing borders will also be an imperative for companies that want to escape tepid consumer markets in their own countries. Investors have realised that globally diversified US companies are likely to have stronger revenue growth than those that focus purely on the US itself, as companies such as General Electric and Procter & Gamble have shown. As a result, US companies will keep trying to expand overseas.
All of these forces will come into play next year whether or not the US goes into recession. In themselves, they will create uncertainty and volatility for companies in many industries. But a US recession - even a short and sharp one - would be even more disruptive.
As the year ends, financiers who felt the brunt of the credit squeeze are becoming pessimistic about the economic outlook. Bill Gross, chief investment officer of the fund manager Pimco, believes the US is already in recession and bankers who were blindsided by the sudden deterioration in credit markets are no longer trying to predict an upturn. "I don't even know what would trigger a recovery," says one banker.
That does not mean they are simply sitting back and hoping for the worst to be over. The stronger firms say that further trouble would suit them. It would create more problems for rivals that misjudged markets, and let them recruit the latter's staff. Distressed debt funds, value investors and bargain-hunters are looking for cheap assets in dislocated markets and troubled industries.
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http://news.yahoo.com/s/ft/20071226/bs_ft/fto122620071440009806