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The following is from one of the best books on racism, homophobia and sexism I've ever seen: Suzanne Pharr's Homophobia, A Weapon of Sexism:
People will gain their human rights, justice, and inclusion through group effort, not through isolated individual work. However, those who hold power oppose group oranizing efforts and use many strategies to destroy such efforts: invalidation, minimization, intimidation, infiltration, etc.
Two of the more subtle ways that society blocks solidarity within groups from ever occurring are the tactis of assimilation and tokenism. There are extraordinary pressures for members of any "minority" group to assimilate, to drop one's own culture and differences and become a mirror of the dominant culture. This process requires turning one's back on one's past and on one's people....
A note from me: this explains why any and all appeals to "drop the use of hyphenated-American" terminology must be resisted. It's an effort to "disappear" the subject of racism and discrimination, as well as an effort to curb self-identification and thus solidarity with one's own. I heartily reciommend it for ANYone concerned about these issues for its clarity of analysis and succinct, concrete explanations of the dynamics of racism, sexism, homophobia, etc. Back to the excerpt:
Assimilation is a first requirement of those who are chosen as tokens in the workplace of the dominant culture. "She's a Jew but she doesn't act like a Jew." "He's black but he's just like us." Tokenism is the method of limited access that gives false hope to those left behind and blames them for "not making it." "If these two or three black women or disabled people can make it, then what is wrong with you that you can't? Tokenism is a form of co-optation. It takes the brithest and best of the most assimilated, rewards them with position and money 9though rarely genuine ladership and pwoer), adn then uses them as a model of what is necessary to succeed, even though there are often no more openings for others who may follow their model.
The tokenized person receives pressure from both sides. From those in power there is the pressure to be separate from one's group (race, for instance) while also acting as a representative of the entire group...The tokenized person is expected to become a team player which means that identifying racist activity within the organization or workin on behalf of one's community is seen as disloyalty. The pressure from one's community, on the other hand, is to fight for that community's concenrs, in other words, to work from the inside. Of course, it is virtually impossible to work from the inside because the tokenized person is isolated and lacks support. It is a "no win" situation, filled with frustration and alienation.
At the very heart of this strategy, which gets played out at every level of society, is an individualized approach to success. The example of Horatio Lger and the notion of "pulling oneself up by the bootstraps" still lives. Daily news reports do not show successful organizing efforts; in fact, the media minimize and even undeniably successful ones as was the case with the reporting of the 1988 Gay and Lesbian March on Washington. the media reported the march to have 200,000 in attendance when it was announced by Jesse Jackson from the stage that police and march organizers were reporting over 500,000 there. Instead of reporting group efforts, the media concentrates on "human interest" stories, following the lead of people such as Ronald Reagan who give accounts of individuals who beat the odds and succeed. They become "models" for others in their circumstances to follow. But what good are models when closed systems do not permit general success?
No link because this is from the book itself. Again, highly recommended.
Now, of course, Ray Charles does not fit the standard "token" described here (since he wasn't hired or appointed in some organization), but his example is still being used in the identical way described.
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