The Wall Street Journal
Making Waves
New Luxury Goods Set Super-Wealthy Apart From Pack
Rising Riches Stir Rivalry For Ever-Bigger Yachts; Waiting for a Maybach
An Echo of Louis XIV's Court
By ROBERT FRANK
Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL
December 14, 2004; Page A1
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Megayachts have grown in size from a typical length of 80 feet to 110 feet in the mid-1990s to well over 150 feet today. The market for luxury yachts has more than tripled since 1997, with some boats costing well over $100 million. Dozens of boats longer than 200 feet are now under construction. The most expensive Mercedes used to be the CL600, which cost about $100,000 in the late 1990s. Last year, the Mercedes group, part of DaimlerChrysler AG, introduced the Maybach 62, which sells for more than $350,000. This year, it started selling the SLR, which is priced at over $450,000 and has a long waiting list. Not to be outdone, Volkswagen AG's Bugatti unit is about to introduce a sports car priced at more than $1 million. Watch makers Patek Philippe, Rolex and Breguet are selling watches priced at more than $200,000, and limited-edition watches can now run in the millions.
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The luxury boom stems from a huge increase in personal fortunes. The wealth held by millionaires world-wide rose to $28.8 trillion as of the end of 2003, according to a separate Capgemini-Merrill study, up 11% from $26 trillion in 2001. That's more than the annual gross domestic products of the U.S., Japan, Germany, France and the United Kingdom combined. Those at the very top appear to be doing especially well recently. The wealth controlled by individuals in North America with more than $30 million in financial assets -- such as stocks and bonds, but not including real estate -- jumped 45% to $3.04 trillion in 2003 from $2.1 trillion in 2002, according to Capgemini-Merrill.
A generally rising stock market over the past decade, soaring executive compensation, higher real-estate values and lower taxes on the wealthy are all cited as explanations for the rising wealth. Also, more and more entrepreneurs who started family businesses after World War II are cashing out because of industry consolidation, creating what private bankers like to call "major liquidity events." Today's instant multimillionaires tend to be younger than the rich of the past, and more likely to splurge on lifestyle goods to differentiate themselves from hoi polloi affluent people.
Edward N. Wolff, a professor of economics at New York University who studies wealth, likens modern-day big spenders to nobles at the court of France's Louis XIV, who reigned from 1643 to 1715. To ensure the nobles' loyalty, Louis continually raised the "entry price" of being in his court, requiring them to wear increasingly expensive clothes and keep larger and larger homes. The nobles' need for greater wealth made them even more dependent on the king's good graces, and left them less money to spend on arms. Today, Mr. Wolff says, it's the wealthy themselves who are bidding up the price of being on top. "For the wealthy to keep their status, they have to compete in terms of luxury consumption," Mr. Wolff says. "The mere fact that this group can pay these prices becomes an indicator of social standing."
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Yachts do give their owners one important value: exclusivity. Norberto Ferretti, chairman of the Ferretti Group, one the world's top yacht builders, says his customers like the privacy and freedom that comes with cruising on a yacht. Entertaining guests on a yacht is "much more special than just bringing them to your villa," he says. Best of all, yachts separate the seriously rich from the merely well-off. "Rich people can go to a beautiful hotel and pay $3,000 a night for a suite," he says. "The trouble is, when you go down the elevator, you're in the lobby with people who paid twenty times less. My clients don't like that."
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Write to Robert Frank at robert.frank@wsj.com
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