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The Division is the Army's basic combat force. The Marines have three divisions, and they're configured similarly. The Air Force has no divisions, and the Navy is set up in more of a task force configuration--they choose the number and kinds of ships they send to an action depending on what kind of action it is.
There are six kinds of divisions, and they contain from 10,000 to 22,000 troops depending on the kind of division it is:
Infantry Light Infantry Mechanized Infantry Armored Airborne Air Assault
An Infantry Division is based on footsoldiers--men who walk everywhere they go. In reality, an Infantry Division that's called an infantry division is no more; all of them have been converted to some other kind of formation.
A Light Infantry Division is a small unit--10,600 troops by Table of Organization and Equipment--that is based on footsoldiers like an Infantry Division is, but it's smaller and has less heavy equipment. The intent of the LID was to be able to deploy the whole thing in 100 C-141 flights.
The Mechanized Infantry Division uses armored personnel carriers to transport its troops, and it has three brigades of infantry and one brigade of tanks.
An Armored Division is like a mechanized infantry division but it has one brigade of infantry and three of tanks.
Airborne and Air Assault divisions are basically identical to infantry divisions but they are trained and configured for insertion by parachute or helicopter.
There is also a formation called the 1st Cavalry Division. It is essentially an armored division but it contains one platoon (50 men) of horse cavalry. If a war breaks out, the horses will remain at Fort Hood as they are ceremonial.
Oops...I better define the echelons.
A handful of soldiers led by a corporal or sergeant is a Squad. (Infantry units break it down further into fire teams--two per squad each led by a corporal.) The size of a squad changes depending on the unit--an armor unit's squads have four men because a tank holds four people; an infantry squad usually contains eleven men, which break down to a pair of fire teams (four men) led by one corporal each, with a sergeant as squad leader.
A collection of squads is a platoon. You usually have four squads in a platoon, but it can be more or less--I was in a platoon that only had two squads and a platoon in a different unit that had six.
A collection of "line" platoons, plus a "service" platoon, is a line company.
A collection of line companies plus a headquarters & service company is a battalion.
A collection of battalions, plus a headquarters & service company, is a brigade.
How these battalions and brigades are configured depends on the division and the kind of unit it is. Let's use the mess hall as an example. An infantry brigade, because it fights in one area, will only have one mess hall. Artillery units will generally have one mess hall for each battalion because the artillery battalions work in direct support of each maneuver brigade. And aviation units are really unusual--they'll put one battalion's mess hall at the airfield on installations where the airfield and the barracks are widely separated, so troops can eat without driving all over post.
Now! A collection of brigades, plus the following support elements, comprise a division:
Headquarters and Headquarters Company Cavalry Squadron Artillery Group Aviation Brigade Two Medical Companies--one is an aviation element, the other is a surgical unit One Dental Company Military Police Company Military Intelligence Battalion Signal Battalion Engineer Battalion Air Defense Artillery Battalion Direct Support Maintenance Battalions, one per maneuver brigade General Support Maintenance Battalion Two or three supply battalions Transportation Company Veterinary Company Personnel Company Finance Company Fuel Company Ammunition Company Explosive Ordnance Disposal Company
There are probably others, but you get the idea--a division has to have everything it will need to fight on its own.
A group of divisions--generally three to five--together with a Corps Support Command, a Corps Signal Brigade, Corps MI Brigade and Corps Artillery Brigade form the Corps.
Back to where I was...
A Light Infantry Division contains two active-duty infantry brigades, a national guard infantry brigade, and a pared-down "everything else" to meet the 10,600-troop standard. 10th Mountain has no hospital unit; they get the wounded soldier stabilized and send him to the corps casualty collection point. It uses Cobras instead of Apaches because the number of soldiers needed to support the Cobra is smaller. And it doesn't have as many trucks, thereby cutting down on the number of drivers and mechanics needed. On the upside, you can deploy one of these units quick. In the right application, these divisions are excellent.
A Mechanized Infantry Division contains three infantry brigades mounted in Bradleys, one armored brigade mounted in Abrams tanks, two attack helicopter battalions instead of one in a lighter division, all artillery is self-propelled...mech divisions are for times when you gotta whack someone upside the head really hard.
An Armored Division is for what we once called brute force and ignorance. There are many problems on the modern battlefield that call for a proper dose of high explosives, and three tank brigades, one Bradley brigade, two Apache battalions and an MLRS battalion will solve most of those problems.
The Airborne Division (there is one) is good for stealth. It's about the size of a mech infantry division--yes, it used to have tanks but they were withdrawn a few years ago--but everything in it can be dropped via parachute.
The Air Assault Division (once again, there's one) is like an airborne division but they use helicopters to insert the troops. They also practice a technique called the Artillery Raid: put a 105mm howitzer and some ammo in the back of a CH-47D helicopter, fly it behind the enemy lines, land with the ramp facing the enemy, shove the gun out, lay it, fire a mission, shove the gun back into the helicopter, and leave. I am going to assume that the Artillery Board called in the sergeant major who thought up this little maneuver and proclaimed him crazier than a shithouse rat.
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