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Hope I can make this clear.
The original post, that "China holds U.S. debt" probably refers to the fact that China owns a lot of U.S. treasury bills and notes. I say "probably" because it could conceivably mean something else but usually a statement similar to that is talking about the U.S. treasury's debt, otherwise known as the "national debt." I'll assume that in the rest of this discussion.
The "national debt" really means the U.S. government's debt. Okay, so we didn't actually show up in their lobby and ask for a loan. Actually, the way it works is that the U.S. treasury offers for sale bills and notes, which are really loans. When someone buys a $1000 T-bill (treasury bill) or note, they actually loan $1000 to the U.S. government for a specified period of time at a specified interest rate. This is how the U.S. government can spend more than it takes in; it borrows the money, and the mechanics of how it borrows are to issue bills and notes that it sells.
Anyone can buy these notes and bills. (The difference between a "bill" and a "note" is how long the agreed-on period of the loan is. So to make it easier, I'm only going to talk about one or the other from now on, and I'll mean bills and notes.) It turns out that over recent years, China has been doing a lot of the buying of U.S. treasury notes; i.e., China has been lending a lot of money to the U.S. government. So yes, indeed, the U.S. government is a big debtor to China.
Incidentally someone elsewhere on this thread said that China is going to order the U.S. to pay back $3 trillion of debt soon. That claim lacks credibility in my opinion for two reasons: 1. Since T-bills have a specified loan period (maturity), the owners of the bills can't force us to pay before then. 2. Since the current U.S. debt is something like $6-7 trillion (I've lost track) and China doesn't own almost half of it, the $3T claim is exaggerated at best. However, if China decided to bail out of their investment in U.S. government debt and sell all the notes they hold on the open market, it would really destabilize that market and as a result our economy. So even though the exact statement about demanding immediate payment of $3T isn't so, the implicit meaning that they hold a whammy over us is so.
Back to the debt vs. the trade deficit. So far I've been talking specifically about the U.S. federal (not state or local, just federal) government's debt. The trade deficit is something else entirely, but it has also been negative for us for a number of years. The trade deficit refers to the difference between how much we as a whole nation (including government, individuals, businesses, non-profits, everybody and every entity) buy from all similar such entities in other countries and how much we sell to other countries. (For any lurking economists etc., I know it's more complex than that, but I'm trying to keep this simple, and I no longer know all the complexities that I once knew.)
The trade deficit doesn't directly or necessarily relate to whether the buying and selling is done with cash or with credit (i.e., debt). But it's just a basic math necessity that if you're buying a lot more than you're selling for a long time, you're going to have to be using debt to do it after awhile. We've been doing that. So not only does the U.S. government owe a lot of debt to foreigners, including the Chinese, but the rest of the country too has been buying a lot on credit and owes a lot. However, the debt resulting from the trade deficit is much more amorphous and hard to track than the U.S. government debt because it involves money owed by individuals, companies, governments at all levels, and all other sorts of "economic entities" (I made up that term, so if it is a formal term with specific meaning to economists, I may not mean exactly the same thing as they do) and owed to all sorts of economic entities in other countries. Who owes how much to whom and where is not so easy to keep track of. And I don't know that anyone even tries, although somebody probably does. I never hear much about it, except for the basic fact that you can't keep borrowing forever and we've been doing it for quite awhile.
Hope I clarified more than confused (or bored), but I'm not really confident of that.
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