No conclusive data explain how sedative-hypnotics function. Gamma-aminobutyric butyric acid (GABA) is the most widely distributed inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. GABA opens chloride (Cl) channels, causing an influx of Cl ions. The influx of Cl ions causes hyperpolarization of the neuron, subsequently inhibiting neuronal discharge. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates potentiate the actions of GABA in a similar fashion via specific receptors, which are located near the GABA receptors. The GABA (A) receptor subunit, composed of multiple forms (eg, alpha, beta, gamma) has been proposed as the functional unit on which benzodiazepines and barbiturates operate.
Benzodiazepine receptors in the CNS have been classified as BZ1 and BZ2 subtypes, based on relative affinities for different benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepines. As an example, imidazopyridines (eg, zolpidem) may act via the BZ1 receptors, although contradictory evidence exists regarding this. GABA is believed to facilitate the affinity these drugs have for their receptors. The action of hyperpolarization is reversed by the influx of calcium into the cell.
The long-term pharmacodynamics interaction of benzodiazepines with the GABA receptor is thought to be extremely complex. Long-term use of benzodiazepines and barbiturates is thought to result in down-regulation of inhibitory GABA receptors and configurational changes of the receptor-agonist complex, resulting in diminished agonist sensitivity.
These changes are potential mechanisms of tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal. The abrupt cessation of benzodiazepines, as in the case of a patient discontinuing a benzodiazepine after long-term use, is thought to result in the classically described acute withdrawal symptoms as the inhibitory pressure is removed, leaving a relative excitatory state.
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