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First, I trained the heck out of my dog regarding staying in the yard, *behind* the horseshoe drive. If he stepped onto the drive, he was immediately called back in, and if he crossed it I put him on a tie-out, which he hates.
A couple times when my back was turned (while I was weeding the garden or doing some other chore) he's crossed the road. I found him, dragged him home and locked him in his crate. His crate is his toybox and den when the door is open. He considers it prison, though, when the door is locked.
This past summer was the final cure. He had a neck injury last summer that got his back vertebrae out of alignment, ending up with injured/inflamed discs plus he hurt his hips squeezing under the pasture gate. Suddenly, he didn't walk when he could sit, didn't sit when he could lay. So I let him lie outside unattended while I did chores. He just got in the habit of basking in the sun in front of the garage. The neighbor's dogs across the street yap like crazy. He just watches them. The only time he'd forget his pain and jump up was if anybody approached our property.
One time he felt well enough to cross the street and he disappeared into the brush there. He came slinking out when I was frantically screaming for him. I dragged him back and,not realizing at that point about his sore hip, I gave him a single smack on the butt before putting him in his crate and locking him in for several hours. That smack really made an impression, probably because his butt was already muscle-sore, but also because it was extremely rare -- only the 2nd time in 4 years he'd been given a smack. He also doesn't like to scare me or make me cry. I was so upset that I left my dressage whip by the front door. I'd rather raise a welt than lose him to a car or truck. He checked the whip out the next time he was outside, and I think that made an impression too.
Now his back is better and his hip almost better. But he is so trained that he doesn't even think of crossing the street, and he really seems to appreciate that I trust him enough to allow him freedom. He also seems to take his job of "protector dog" seriously, jumping up and barking at anybody that comes near our property, but always waiting for me to arrive before he gets starts to close in. It means I have to call him off the "intruders," which I think makes an impression on them. Especially when I call out "good boy, well done!" to him and love all over him for barking at them, lol. On the other hand, the oil and gas delivery men have no fear of him -- they drop to their knees and let him love all over them.
Anyway, now he often stays out by himself when I'm home, and naps in the sun or wanders to the backyard and watches the birds and the horses. He knows I'm keeping an eye out and will track him down and give him hell if he leaves the property. So he doesn't. He missed so much play time after the brutal winter last year followed by his injury, that I don't want to confine him this year before the weather requires it.
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