www.ovw.usdoj.gov/docs/federal_violence.pdf
FEDERAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN STATUTES AND ELEMENTS FOR
FEDERAL PROSECUTION
Violence Against Women Act Offenses
• Interstate travel to commit domestic violence - 18 U.S.C. § 2261
• Interstate stalking - 18 U.S.C. § 2261A
• Interstate travel to violate a Protection Order - 18 U.S.C. § 2262
Firearms Offenses
• Possession of a firearm while subject to a Protection Order - 18 U.S.C. §
922(g)(8)
• Transfer of a firearm to a person subject to a Protection Order - 18 U.S.C. §
922(d)(8)
• Possession of a firearm after conviction of a misdemeanor crime of domestic
violence - 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9)
• Transfer of a firearm to a person convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic
violence - 18 U.S.C. § 922(d)(9)
• Official use exemption from firearms offenses (except §§ 922(d)(9) and
922(g)(9)) - 18 U.S.C. § 925(a)(1)
Other Relevant Statutes
• Full Faith and Credit - 18 U.S.C. § 2265
• Brady statement - 18 U.S.C. § 922(s)
• Right of victim to be heard at bail hearing - 18 U.S.C. § 2263
• Crime Victims’ Rights Act - 18 U.S.C. § 3771
• Restitution - 18 U.S.C. § 2264
• Self-Petitioning for battered immigrant women and children - 8 U.S.C. § 1154
Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) Offenses
Interstate Travel to Commit Domestic Violence—18 U.S.C. §2261
18 U.S.C. §2261(a)(1)
It is a federal crime for a person to travel between states, or within the special maritime or
territorial jurisdiction of the United States (SMTJ), or to enter or leave Indian country,
with the intent to kill, injure, harass or intimidate that person's intimate partner or dating
partner when in the course of or as a result of such travel the defendant commits or
attempts to commit a violent crime against that intimate partner or dating partner. The
law requires specific intent to kill, injure, harass or intimidate at the time of interstate
travel. The term "intimate partner" includes a spouse, a former spouse, a past or present
cohabitant (as long as the parties cohabitated as spouses), and parents of a child in
common. The term “dating partner” refers to a person who is or has been in a social
relationship of a romantic or intimate nature with the abuser, as determined by the length
of the relationship, the type of relationship, and the frequency of interaction between the
persons involved in the relationship.
18 U.S.C. §2261(a)(2)
It is also a federal crime to cause an intimate partner or dating partner to cross state lines
(or leave or enter Indian country) by force, coercion, duress or fraud, and during, or as a
result of, or to facilitate such conduct or travel, to attempt or commit a crime of violence.
This subsection does not require a showing of specific intent to cause the intimate partner
or dating partner to travel interstate. It does, however, require proof that the interstate
travel resulted from force, coercion, duress or fraud.
Interstate Stalking
18 U.S.C. §2261A(1)
It is a federal crime to travel between states, or within the SMTJ, with the intent to kill,
injure, harass, or place under surveillance with the intent to kill, injure, harass, or
intimidate another person, if in the course of, or as a result of such travel, the defendant
places such person in reasonable fear of the death of, or serious bodily injury to, or causes
substantial emotional distress to, that person or a member of that person's immediate
family. The law requires specific intent to violate this subsection at the time of interstate
travel. "Immediate family" includes a spouse, parent, sibling, child or any other person
living in the same household and related by blood or marriage.
Cyber Stalking
18 U.S.C. §2261A(2)
It is a federal crime with intent to (1) kill, injure, harass, or place under surveillance with
the intent to kill, injure, harass or intimidate, or (2) cause substantial emotional distress,
or place in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury a person in another State or
within the SMTJ; to use the mail, any interactive computer service, or any facility of
interstate commerce (including the Internet) to engage in a course of conduct that causes
substantial emotional distress or places such person in reasonable fear of the death of, or
serious bodily injury to, that person or a member of that person's immediate family or
that person's intimate partner. A single communication is not sufficient. The statute
defines a "course of conduct" as a "pattern of conduct composed of 2 or more acts,
evidencing a continuity of purpose."
Interstate Travel to Violate an Order of Protection—18 U.S.C. §2262
18 U.S.C. §2262(a)(1)
It is a federal crime to travel between states, or to enter or leave Indian country, or within
the SMTJ with intent to violate the portion of a valid protection order that prohibits or
provides protection against violence, threats, or harassment against, contact or
communication with, or physical proximity to another person. To establish a violation of
this statute, the Government must demonstrate that a person had the specific intent to
engage in conduct that violates the qualifying portion of the protection order at the time
of interstate travel and that a violation actually occurred. This statute does not require an
intimate partner relationship - although this relationship may be required by the state or
other governmental body issuing the order – nor does it require bodily injury.
18 U.S.C. §2262(a)(2)
It is also a federal crime to cause a person to cross state lines or enter or leave Indian
country by force, coercion, duress or fraud, and during, or as a result of, or to facilitate
such conduct or travel, to engage in conduct that violates the portion of the order of
protection that prohibits or provides protection against violence, threats, or harassment
against, contact or communication with, or physical proximity to another person. This
subsection does not require a showing of specific intent to cause another person to travel
interstate. It does, however, require proof that the interstate travel resulted from force,
coercion, duress or fraud. The Government must also prove that a person violated the
relevant portion of the protection order during the course of, or as a result of, or to
facilitate the forced or coercive conduct or travel.
Penalties
Penalties for violations of Sections 2261, 2261A and 2262 hinge on the extent of the
bodily injury to the victim. Maximum terms of imprisonment range from five years for
no injury to life if the crime of violence results in the victim's death.
Firearm Offenses
Possession of Firearm While Subject to Order of Protection—18 U.S.C. §922(g)(8)
It is illegal for a person to possess a firearm while subject to a court order restraining
such person from harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner or the child of an
intimate partner or from engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in
reasonable fear of bodily injury to the partner or child. The protection order must have
been issued following a hearing as to which the defendant had actual notice and an opportunity to participate. The protection order must also include a specific finding that
the defendant represents a credible threat to the physical safety of the victim, or must
include an explicit prohibition against the use of force that would reasonably be expected
to cause injury.
Transfer of Firearm to Person Subject to Order of Protection, 18 U.S.C. §922(d)(8)
It is also illegal to transfer a firearm to a person knowing or having reasonable cause to
believe that such person is subject to a court order that restrains him/her from harassing,
stalking, or threatening an intimate partner or the child of an intimate partner. A violation
of Section 922(d)(8) must be knowing. Proof concerning knowledge on the part of the
supplier may be difficult to establish unless the purchaser acknowledges in the firearm
application that he/she is a prohibited person.
Official Use Exemption, 18 U.S.C. §925
The restrictions of Sections 922(d)(8) and (g)(8) do not apply to firearms issued by
governmental agencies to a law enforcement officer or military personnel so long as the
officer or military personnel is on duty.
Possession of Firearm After Conviction of Misdemeanor Crime of Domestic
Violence, 18 U.S.C. §922(g)(9)
It is illegal to possess a firearm after conviction of a misdemeanor crime of domestic
violence. This prohibition applies to persons convicted of such misdemeanors at any
time, even if the conviction occurred prior to the law's 1996 effective date. A qualifying
misdemeanor domestic violence crime must have as an element the use or attempted use
of physical force, or the threatened use of a deadly weapon. For example, a conviction for
a misdemeanor violation of a protection order will not qualify, even if the violation was
committed by a violent act, since the statute does not require the use or attempted use of
physical force or the threatened use of a deadly weapon.
In addition, the statute contains due process requirements regarding the defendant's right
to counsel and the defendant's right to a jury trial, if applicable. Absent compliance with
these due process requirements, the misdemeanor conviction will not qualify as a
domestic violence conviction for purposes of Section 922(g)(9). Moreover, a person may
be able to possess a firearm if the conviction has been expunged or set aside.
Other Relevant Statutes
Full Faith and Credit to Orders of Protection, 18 U.S.C. §2265
This civil law provides that a civil or criminal order issued by a court in one state or
Indian tribe shall be accorded full faith and credit by the court of another state or tribe,
and is to be enforced as if it were the order of the court of the second state or tribe. This
law applies to permanent, temporary and ex parte protection orders that comply with the
statute's requirements. To comply, the protection order must have provided the defendant
with reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard, in a manner consistent with due
process. This law does not apply to mutual protection orders if (a) the original
respondent did not file a cross or counter petition seeking a protective order or (b) if such a cross or counter petition was filed, but the court did not make specific findings that
each party was entitled to such an order. Registration of an order issued by another court
or tribe is not required for enforcement. However, if an order is registered, no court shall
notify a party against whom an order was entered that the order was registered unless
requested to do so by the party protected under such order. Amendments in 2005 limit
Internet publication of protection order information.
ATF Form 4473
ATF revised Form 4473 incorporates all the disqualifiers in the Gun Control Act. A
purchaser of a firearm from a licensed firearm dealer must complete this amended ATF
form certifying that he/she is not subject to a valid protection order and has not been
convicted of a qualifying misdemeanor crime of domestic violence. Providing false
information on this form may provide the basis for prosecution under 18 U.S.C.
§922(a)(6).
Right of Victim to Speak at Bail Hearing , 18 U.S.C. §2263
The victim of a VAWA crime (Sections 2261, 2261A or 2262) has the right, a right that
need not be exercised, to be heard at a bail hearing with regard to the danger posed by the
defendant.
Crime Victims’ Rights Act, 18 U.S.C. §3771
Under the Crime Victims’ Rights Act, enacted October 30, 2004, all federal crime
victims, including a domestic violence victim, have the following rights:
(1) The right to be reasonably protected from the accused.
(2) The right to reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of any public court proceeding, or
any parole proceeding, involving the crime or of any release or escape of the accused.
(3) The right not to be excluded from any such public court proceeding, unless the court,
after receiving clear and convincing evidence, determines that testimony by the victim
would be materially altered if the victim heard other testimony at that proceeding.
(4) The right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding in the district court
involving release, plea, sentencing, or any parole proceeding.
(5) The reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the Government in the case.
(6) The right to full and timely restitution as provided in law.
(7) The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay.
(8) The right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim's dignity and
privacy.
Restitution, 18 U.S.C. §2264
In a VAWA case, the Court must order restitution after conviction to reimburse the
victim for the full amount of losses. These losses include costs for medical or
psychological care, physical therapy, transportation, temporary housing, child care, lost
income, attorney's fees, costs incurred in obtaining a civil protection order, and any other
losses suffered by the victim as a result of the offense. In a conviction under the Gun
Control Act, the Court may order restitution.
Self-Petitioning for Battered Immigrant Women and Children, 8 U.S.C. §1154
VAWA specifically provides that battered and abused spouses and children of citizens
and lawful permanent residents may self-petition for independent legal residency. This
statute prevents citizens or residents from using the residency process as a means to exert
control over an alien spouse or child. This statute may allow victims to remain in the
United States independent of their abusive husbands/parents.
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of the United States Attorney, District of
Maine (January 2006)
Of course all that is simply six pages of legalistic bullshit, if there is no restraining order or other information filed so the authorities who do background checks have up to date information.
Seems Ms Benoit suffered two great deceptions. First, she got entangled with a violent loser. Second, she discovered the "system" is not only powerless to protect her, it strives to deny her the ability to protect herself.