Why didn't the automatic sprinklers put out the fire?
These sprinkler systems spray water. In some very esoteric areas (like kitchens and mainframe computer areas), you will find specialized systems, but everywhere else the fire suppressant is water. This makes sense, because water works very well on things like paper and fabric fires that you find in a normal office setting. Water does nothing, however, to stop a gasoline fire. The gas (or in this case, jet fuel) simply floats on the water and keeps burning.
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Even if there had been a foam system or some other system capable of extinguishing the jet fuel, it would not have been sized to handle 20,000 gallons of fuel, and it still would have been damaged and unable to function properly.
http://people.howstuffworks.com/sept-eleven5.htmJet fuel is a colorless, combustible, straight run petroleum distillate liquid. Its principal uses are as an ingredient in lamp oils, charcoal starter fluids, jet engine fuels and insecticides.
It is also know as, fuel oil #1, kerosene, range oil, coal oil and aviation fuel.
It is comprised of hydrocarbons with a carbon range of C9 - C17. The hydrocarbons are mainly alkanes CnH2n+2, with n ranging from 9 to 17.
It has a flash point within the range 42° C - 72° C (110° F - 162° F).
And an ignition temperature of 210° C (410° F).
Depending on the supply of oxygen, jet fuel burns by one of three chemical reactions:
(1) CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)/2 O2 => n CO2 + (n + 1) H2O
(2) CnH2n+2 + (2n+1)/2 O2 => n CO + (n + 1) H2O
(3) CnH2n+2 + (n+1)/2 O2 => n C + (n + 1) H2O
Reaction (1) only occurs when jet fuel is well mixed with air before being burnt, as for example, in jet engines.
Reactions (2) and (3) occur when a pool of jet fuel burns. When reaction (3) occurs the carbon formed shows up as soot in the flame. This makes the smoke very dark.
http://www.uscrusade.com/forum/config.pl/read/1064Material Safety Data Sheet JET A AVIATION FUEL
www.cpchem.com/MSDS/fuels/performance/ JetAAviationFuel.pdf -
The key would have been slowing the fires. The sprinkler systems offered little help.
Even if the pipes survived the impact, the sprinklers of a typical skyscraper put out a few hundred gallons of water a minute for half an hour, Dr. Thornton said, and water would have been useless against a fuel fire in any case. (Water and oil don't mix; droplets of water sink into the fuel, turn into hot steam and explode, and the fuel continues burning.)
By contrast, an anti-fire system at an aircraft hangar can unleash a deluge of 120,000 gallons a minute of water and foam --which sticks to burning fuel-- for two hours straight, Dr. Thornton said.
http://www.engr.psu.edu/ae/WTC/NYTimes91801.htmThe environmental features surpass all similar facilities in the United States. This new state-of-the-art prop provides training opportunities for professionals who respond to and assist in major incidents involving an aircraft emergency. The prop includes a mockup of the major components of three types of aircraft. Training scenarios can involve fires in a wide-body jet (DC-10 or B747), narrow body jet (737 or MD-80), or a commuter aircraft. The prop is capable of burning nearly 1,000 gallons of jet fuel per minute and creates a spectacular realistic fire while in use. Providing a realistic opportunity to prepare employees, emergency responders, and other allied professionals who may be involved in an event of this magnitude is critical to the protection of the public.
Flammable Liquids Prop - The flammable liquids prop has eight burn pads. Fuel is pumped to each burn pad from a 22,000-gallon tank farm which stores gasoline, diesel fuels, and liquified petroleum gas. A safety tower provides oversight of all operations. Safety officers can stop any operation by remote control that might be hazardous.
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The Fire Training Academy is working toward developing a foam prop so students can also use foam to extinguish fires.
http://www.wsp.wa.gov/fire/props.htmBut they didn't have foam at the training school and they soon ran out of foam at the Pentagon.
Commercial jet fuel, known as Jet-A, is pure kerosene and has a flashpoint of 120 degrees Fahrenheit (49 degrees Celsius). It is a high-quality fuel, however, and if it fails the purity and other quality tests for use on jet aircraft, it is sold to other ground-based users with less demanding requirements, like railroad engines. Commercial jet fuel as well as military jet fuel often includes anti-freeze to prevent ice buildup inside the fuel tanks.
http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/fuel/Tech21.htmIt is safe to assume that the Boeing 757 known as Flight 77 had this type of fuel on board.
Many of the Pentagon survivors have stated that they smelled jet fuel. Others have said that the jet fuel got on their clothing or skin.
Building and damage reports indicate that temperatures over 1,000 degrees were reached.
Why is it that the jet fuel did not spontaneously ignite under those conditions?
We have been given to understand that water is useless against jet fuel.
When American Airlines Flight 77 hit the Pentagon on Sept. 11, 2001, it penetrated the building's second story at a 45-degree angle and careened through the Pentagon's top three floors. The jet was carrying about 20,000 gallons (76000 L) of jet fuel, much of which was deposited on the roof. The fuel ignited and burned at a temperature of about 1,100 F (593 C).
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When the jet fuel ignited, it quickly spread through much of the wood sheathing and destroyed the roof system along one of the Pentagon's five corridors, as well as much of the roof system on one section of the innermost ring and one section of the outer ring. In all, about 40,000 square feet (3600 m2) of the slate roof system was damaged beyond repair. After the explosion, firefighters poured more than 6 million gallons (22.8 million L) of water on the roof.
According to one Pentagon official, "The roof did its job: It shed the water perfectly" while the fire spread through the sheathing beneath it. Firefighters apparently didn't know the roof sys-tem incorporated wood sheathing and reportedly assumed insulation was burning. Only when they broke through the slate did the fire stop spreading.
http://www.professionalroofing.net/current/feature.aspYet and still,
the good Lord God came to the resue of his faithful servant,
Brian Birdwell.
Perhaps no one epitomizes that sentiment as much as Brian Birdwell, the 40-year-old lieutenant colonel whose office was four windows from where the plane hit but whose life was spared because he had stepped out to the bathroom. He was consumed by fire and cried out: "Jesus, I'm coming to see you." He thought of his family and waited to die. Instead, he fell under a sprinkler and was left with serious burns over 40 percent of his body.
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Since the attack, Birdwell has become something of a celebrity, a word he doesn't like. He does a lot of public speaking and has appeared on Nightline, The Oprah Winfrey Show, Fox News, and local television stations. "If people want to celebrate what the Lord has done in my life, I'll take that," he says. "I'm not interested in celebrity for the sake of notoriety. I'm still Brian." He isn't sure about his future–he may retire from the Army in five years after 23 years. He may become a university professor of military science. Perhaps he'll write a book. Perhaps he'll do more public speaking, possibly donating proceeds to burn patients. "My public speaking is the best contribution I can make both to my faith and to the Army," he says.
http://www.usnews.com/usnews/9_11/articles/911pentagon.htm(After more than 2 dozen
surgeries he tells others he claims a Bible promise from First Peter.
"After you have suffered a little while" God will "perfect, confirm,
strengthen and establish you." )
"The initial shock took out power, sprinklers, everything. It was completely black. The ceiling and the walls had come down." Lieut Megan Humbert, the watch leader, screamed at him to open the meeting-room door.
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Soaked by the sprinklers and battling through the smoke, he and five colleagues eventually found a blackened figure slumped on the floor. "He was very badly burned," said Lt Col McKinnon, 40.
"He had collapsed right under a sprinkler and that was all that saved him. His face was blackened. His hands and arms - the skin was literally hanging off in bloody shreds."
As he helped to carry the man out, he glanced down at his name tag and saw that it was a friend, Lt Col Brian Birdwell. "He and I had gone to staff college a year before. We used to go running together. He was unrecognisable."
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/campaigns/war/survivor.xmlBirdwell walked out to the men's room in corridor 4, a move that saved his life. He had just taken three or four steps out of the bathroom when the building was rocked. "Bomb!" the Gulf War vet immediately thought as he was knocked down. When he stood up, he realized he was on fire. "Jesus, I'm coming to see you," Birdwell prayed. His mind flashed to his family. At Washington Hospital Center, Dr. Marion Jordan also was watching TV when an announcer broke in with the bulletin about the Pentagon. "This is gonna be a long day," Jordan muttered. Quickly, he ditched his sport coat for green scrubs. "Code Orange. Code Orange," a voice blared over the hospital's PA system. "This is not a drill." Doctors scrambled to the five bays near the helicopter pad. "It was pretty much bedlam," says Jordan, the Burn Center director. A clinical manager with a booming voice yelled above the din: "Everyone keep the volume down!" The quiet lasted until the first patients arrived.
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At 350 miles per hour, the Boeing 757 slammed into the first and second floors of the Pentagon's western face at a 45-degree angle between corridors 4 and 5. The plane blasted through rings E, D, and C, and parts of it were found between rings C and B. It damaged some 400 support columns, some severely and some with microfractures. The plane sliced through part of the building's recently renovated section, which was reinforced by floor-to-ceiling steel beams. Between the beams was a Kevlar-like mesh, similar to the material in bulletproof vests, designed to keep concrete from turning into shrapnel. Together, the reinforcement kept the upper floors from collapsing for about 35 minutes. The new blast-resistant windows did not shatter. THE NEW SPRINKLER SYSTEM KEPT THE FIRE FROM SPREADING.
http://www.hjpa.org/morenews.htmlAs you can see from this slide, I had crossed the path of the plane in going to the restroom and was just seconds from being in the direct path of the plane at the time of impact. You can also discern that I sit here before you today as the result of Christ's miraculous hand.
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In those moments immediately after impact, I reacted with the survival instinct of trying to save myself. I attempted to get to my feet, but was unable given the concussion and blast of the explosion and the subsequent vacuum being filled effect on my sense of balance. After an undetermined amount of time I eventually accepted my death and collapsed to the floor and waited for whatever the feeling is of the soul departing the body. By God's grace that feeling never arrived. Instead, I could feel liquid running down my face. I had collapsed under one of the functioning WATER SPRINKLERS that were still working, which doused the flames on and around me. My eventual evacuation and treatment Georgetown University Hospital may include other details in which you are interested but in the interest of time let me move forward.
http://www.9-11commission.gov/hearings/hearing1/witness_birdwell.htmIn addition to major overhauls of the mechanical and electrical systems, the Wedge One renovation included the FIRE SPRINKLERS, automatic fire doors, and the steel which saved many lives on the day of the attack.
http://www.architectureweek.com/2001/1003/news_1-2.htmlIn the renovated section outside the immediate impact zone, most damage was caused by smoke and water that poured out of NEWLY INSTALLED SPRINKLERS. But there was extensive fire damage hundreds of feet away in unrenovated areas that had not yet had sprinklers installed.
http://www.servicemasterclean.com/pentagon/gallery.htmlThe Pentagon called ServiceMaster Clean at 11:30 a.m. on the 11th. The ServiceMaster Recovery Management staff, dedicated to catastrophic disaster mitigation and restoration, was on the move by noon, and was at the Pentagon on September 12th. At 8:30 a.m. that day, a crew of 50 ServiceMaster Clean technicians mustered in the Pentagon's western parking lot. Supplies and people from ServiceMaster Clean local offices were mobilizing up and down the East Coast and as far away as Michigan.
http://www.servicemasterclean.com/pentagon/She hollered, “Help me! Help me,” hoping someone would hear her cries. Just as she was about to succumb, the FIRE SPRINKLERS released a refreshing and reviving jolt to all in the area.
“The FIRE SPRINKLERS were about maybe 6 feet, 7 feet apart, and that’s what provided me air as I was crawling behind John’s feet,” said Grant. “Each time I got to a sprinkler, I would sink really low to catch my breath to make it to the next sprinkler.”
http://144.246.219.246/newspaper/Specials/911/index2.htmFire sprinklers were also installed in the Wedge 1 renovation. “There was a fire that raged through Wedge 2, the unrenovated area. If you look at Wedge 1, except in areas where it was clearly fueled by jet fuel, THE FIRE WAS KNOCKED DOWN BY THE FIRE SPRINKLERS. THERE WAS NO SPREAD WHATSOEVER,” he says.
http://www.contractortoolsandsupplies.com/past/contractor_profiles/RebuildingThePentagon.htmThe impact and explosion that occurred when terrorists crashed a hijacked airliner into the side of the building devastated a significant area on five floors of the world renowned US military headquarters. However, water damage--resulting from fire hoses, automatically activated sprinklers systems, and shattered water lines-- affected nearly 2.5 million square feet of space adjacent to the crash area that otherwise would have been left intact!
"Millions of gallons of water flowed throughout the building after the attack," said Joe Kelley, Munters district manager in the Washington DC area. In some places water was 18 inches deep on the floors."
http://www.muntersmcs.com/mcs/htm/pentagon/pentagon.htmRemember, it's important to use the correct type of extinguisher for the fire at hand. You should not use a water type extinguisher for a flammable liquid fire because it would cause the fire to spread. And you would not use this type of extinguisher on an electrical fire because this would expose you to a serious or fatal shock.
http://siri.uvm.edu/library/topics/fire/facts.html