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Development and Freedom.
He argues that "developmen" can't just be measured in terms of GNP and income. "Doing well" includes many things you can't reduce to dollars. He notes that black men in Harlem live half as long as poorer people in some poor African and Asian countries. Obviously being comparitively wealthier and dead isn't a better life.
He talks about how "freedom" should not only be the goal of development but it should be the means of development.
An interesting point he makes is that slaves before the civil war actually had a better standard of living measured in material terms (IIRC, housing, material consumption, etc. -- even life expectancy) than people who were not slaves but did the same exact job. Nonetheless, slaves constantly tried to escape. Furthermore, after the civil war, when "employers" could no longer compel work with force, they couldn't recreate their labor forces with 100% increases in the material compensation for that kind of work.
The point is that freedom to chose the work that you do is worth a great deal and might mean that you're willing to take a job that can contribute less to your financial bottom line so long as that it doesn't have (in fact, or the vestiges of) the characeristics of slavery.
It's kind of strange for someone to be idealizing pre-Civil Rights Act/Voting Rights Act America as a golden moment for black America and then blaming an era when increasing freedoms prevailed for society's problems. And rather than using welfare as the measure, maybe this guy should back up and ask why society isn't educating people and providing health care and other services to people so that they can actually enter into the job force.
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