metaphorical, i.e. not just one thing, more or less arbitrarily, standing for something else, the way language does, but one thing shares essence, is equal to, something else. Which I guess came about from the perspective that they also mostly lived much more closely with that to which they were referring, e.g. they birthed their own children; they worked with & taught those children, they faced the threats of war and violence PERSONALLY, they cared for their own elders, and they buried their own dead, so their references to significance/meanings were less the arbitrary ABSTRACTIONS, usually verbal, that ours have become. They were ACTION/concrete behavioral references to what they had learned about themselves, their own deeds and those of others, from their own experiences and amongst those kinds of references was the fact that amongst them WERE in fact those, like Lord Jesus, who went beyond quid pro quo behaviors, because they were motivated by something else, something that I hypothesize, the seed of which, like corn, was within them individually, but was itself an emergent property of their collective behaviors, something that they had seen change other behaviors by not just doing whatever so-and-so did and some started doing things like really making an effort to get the herbs right for the suffering, and not just throwing their dead on the midden heap anymore, and eventually Art and more and more refined Crafts and . . . .
Have you read Robert Graves The White Goddess?
http://books.google.com/books/about/The_White_Goddess.html?id=V7FhQgAACAAJ It's controversial, because it's pretty speculative and hugely dense with Graves' obsession with ancient words and trees, but I'm guessing he has the framework right, what there is of it that is, especially when he talks about "true poetry".
I'm also feeling the need, lately, to dig out my copy of Julian Jaynes The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the BiCameral Mind
http://books.google.com/books/about/The_origin_of_consciousness_in_the_break.html?id=gHR-AAAAMAAJ - another controversial hotty, but really stimulating nonetheless.