http://www.thememoryhole.org/usccr/usccr_carolinas.htmU.S. Commission on Civil Rights
Education Accountability and High-Stakes Testing in the Carolinas
Briefing Summary
February 2003
CONCLUSION
The results of recent federal and state education reform measures remain to be seen. Many education policymakers are concerned that the reform measures may not deliver on the promise of closing the achievement gap that exists between students of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. In order for No Child Left Behind and other standards-based reforms to finally close the achievement gap, our panelists concluded that the reforms should ensure that:
challenging content and performance standards are put in place so that students are engaged in real learning and are equipped with the basic skills necessary to function fully in today’s society;
curriculum is aligned with performance standards;
tests used to measure student learning accurately measure the learning of all students, including that of students with limited English proficiency and disabilities;
data on student performance are disaggregated by race, ethnicity, gender, income, language, and disability;
appropriate accommodations are available for students with disabilities;
appropriate remedial assistance is available to low-performing students and schools and that remediation does not become the code word for retaining students in grade;
all schools, but especially those at risk of failing or being designated as low performing, be provided highly qualified and experienced teachers and administrators; and
sufficient funding is made available to fully implement No Child Left Behind.
These issues, and others, will continue to shape the debate on education reform as the full impact of the No Child Left Behind Act is realized in the years to come. As for the discriminatory effects of high-stakes testing, some argue that testing institutionalizes the past effects of segregation and unequal funding of the public education system. It was noted that research indicates that high-stakes tests are used mostly in high-minority and low-income schools and that testing disproportionately adversely affects these students.
There appears to be general consensus that training and hiring highly qualified teachers are crucial to improving the education of America’s children. However, there are different opinions regarding the cause of the shortage of qualified teachers. Some researchers even assert that there is no shortage, only an unequal distribution of existing qualified teachers. As a result of a combination of factors, a “shortage” of qualified teachers appears to exist, especially in disadvantaged and underserved communities.
Teachers and administrators urge administrators to reduce the burden placed on teachers by decreasing student load, paperwork, and the “hoops that teachers must jump through for licensure.”<111> According to Dr. Pughsley, the superintendent of Charlotte-Mecklenburg Public Schools, more control and flexibility at the local level and less state and federal intervention are necessary.<112> He observed that the local control promised by No Child Left Behind has not materialized.
Lastly, funding will continue to be debated and litigated as reforms are implemented. The issue will move from seeking equity in funding to seeking funding sufficient to provide all students with an adequate basic education or a minimally adequate education. Funding, including the effective use of existing funds, will have to be addressed as schools are asked to provide remediation to low-performing schools and students. As noted earlier, remediation must not become a code word for grade retention and failure to graduate low-performing students. Tutoring, teacher hiring, increased teacher pay, better classroom resources, and appropriate accommodations for LEP students and students with disabilities require that funding be sufficient and that it be used effectively.
http://www.thememoryhole.org/usccr/...closing_gap.htmClosing the Achievement Gap:
The Impact of Standards-Based Education Reform on Student Performance
Although it is common sense that children should not be promoted to the next grade if they are not ready, Heubert testified that the evidence is clear that students who are required to repeat a grade are worse off academically and socially and more likely to drop out than similarly low-performing students who are promoted to the next grade.
Heubert’s overall conclusion is that high-stakes testing has a disparate impact on the most vulnerable students, and data show that as standards get higher, the disparities get larger.
What is clear, is that most proponents and opponents of high-stakes testing agree that protective measures must be implemented before the testing, so that students are not held responsible for material they have not been taught. Certain conditions, such as quality teachers, adequate training, adult accountability, parent empowerment, and diagnostic studies are necessary for the successful implementation of high-stakes testing. Some diagnostic strategies may include testing early to identify weak student performance, providing remedial education to help students acquire the skills to pass the test, and allowing students opportunities to retake the test or different forms of the test.
In conjunction with high-stakes testing, it is also critical that teachers receive the training and support they need to help students meet the new goals, and that students are provided quality teachers, a curriculum that is aligned to the standards, and regular feedback and extra help when needed.
Data show that the quality of instructors is the most important factor...