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Edited on Thu Aug-07-08 08:20 AM by HamdenRice
I worked as a consultant for a large well established foundation in New York. It was definitely not run for the benefit of the family, because the foundation board had many years earlier wrested control from the founding family. So there was a certain smugness about their superiority over other foundations, and we were encouraged to learn about the heroic period in our foundation's history when it became independent of the family.
One reason wealthy families, especially families that control corporations, create foundations is to maintain control of the corporation while avoiding inheritance taxes. Note that these are two separate problems.
Inheritance taxes used to be very high, and on the death of the founder/major stockholder, the family basically could either give much of their wealth to the government or give it to a charity that would perpetuate the family's name, and carry out the founder's public policy preferences. Many chose the latter.
But there was also a financial interest. In corporate finance, there is a very valuable aspect of majority control of a corporation sometimes called a "control premium." If someone owns 51% or more of a corporation's voting stock, that person can control the policies of the corporation, the election of board members, the appointment of management, and can prevent the hostile takeover of the corporation by new owners. That premium plus the value of the shares, is worth far more than the value of the shares alone.
Wealthy families use foundations to maintain the value of their control premium. For example, if Bill Gates (this use of Gates is just hypothetical, but actually occurred with the founders of the big older foundations) owns 70% of Microsoft, and puts, say, 60% of microsoft stock into the Gates Foundation, retains 10%, and appoints himself or family members as the directors of the Foundation (with the power to vote its stock), then Gates will own the control premium equal to ownership of 70% of the shares while actually only owning 10% of the shares. There will only be 30% of the shares outstanding held by the public and institutional investors, but none of them can threaten Gates' control of the corporation.
The NY Times has used a different technique. They wanted to sell shares to the public, but wanted the Sulzberger family to maintain control of the company. They created a special class of stock with majority voting control, even though it doesn't have majority capital value. This is why the NY Times remains somewhat more independent that the corporate controled media; it's still basically a family owned newspaper.
Many of the big foundations were set up this way -- to avoid taxes and to maintain control premium. In the 1950s, the boards of some of the major foundations managed to pursuade the families to allow the foundations to sell the family corporation's shares, using the argument that the foundation boards had a fiduciary duty to follow best investment practices by diversifying stock ownership away from exclusive reliance on the family corporation, and that was the wedge that also was used to wrest control of the policies of the foundations from the families, and they became controlled by "self-perpetuating" independent boards. That was when several foundations switched from being quite conservative in terms of policy to quite liberal.
So yes, foundations, especially newly created foundations that have not gone through control struggles, tend to be very profitable for the founding families.
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