It was a program started in the 1970s to permit private companies to provide homes for low income people. They are Five types of Section 8 programs:
1. Section 8 Existing homes, what most people consider "Section 8". This is run by your local Public Housing Authority (PHA). The PHA agrees to pay the difference between the "Market Rent" for a rental unit (Apartment or house) and 30 % of the tenant's income. The Tenant must pay 30 % of his or her income as "Rent" to the landlord. "Rent" includes not only rent but electricity, water, sewerage, and heat. If the tenant pays any of these utilities the amount the TENANT pays as rent to the landlord is reduced to reflect the tenant's paying these costs (In some cases where a house has high heating costs the tenant's rent is reduced to Zero and I have had some clients who received money from the PHA to help them pay their utility bills for such "Existing homes".
2. Section 8- Substantial rehabilitation - Again run by your local PHA, but this time a Landlord is given money to upgrade his rental units upon agreeing to renting only to low income people with the "Market Rent" being paid by the PHA less the 30 % co-pay the tenant has to make.
3. Section 8 New Construction - This is NOT run by your local PHA, but instead run by HUD out of Washington DC. This is where a private company builds low income housing with federal money and agrees for a period of at least 20 years to rent only to low income people. HUD pays such Section 8 New Construction a "Market Rent" based on inflation (even if the market had declined) since the unit was built. Again the tenant has to pay a co-pay of 30% of his or her income for Rent and Utilities (Utilities being defined as Water, Sewerage, Heating and Electricity). After 20 years such housing can be converted to regular housing upon petition to HUD. Since most section 8 housing was built in the 1970s (ending about 1982 Under Reagan) most can convert. Such Section 8 owners must follow a procedure to convert but basically when asked to grant permission to Convert HUD very rarely stops such a conversion (Through not as popular today as when units first became eligible for conversion, Congress passed restriction but most of the remaining Section 8 New Construction projects get higher rents under HUD's "Market Rent" formula than what such Rental units would get under a true "Market" thus conversion are rare today).
4. Section 8 Rural Housing (Formerly Farmer's Home). This is the Same as Section 8 New Construction but run by Rural Community Development Administration (Formerly Farmer's Home Administration). Basically the Same as HUD but run by the Department of Agriculture in Rural area not served by a PHA.
5. Section 8 Indian and Tribal Housing. Similar to Section 8 New Construction but intended for Indian Reservations. I have no Indian Reservations in my area so I am NOT familiar with this program unlike the other four but I do know of its existence.
For more on Section 8:
http://www.nhlp.org/html/sec8/http://www.hud.gov/offices/pih/programs/hcv/index.cfmhttp://www.hacla.org/section8/home.htm