The present threat (to our nation) is not based on conflicting ideas about America's basic principles. It is based on several serious problems that stem from the dramatic and fundamental change in the way we communicate among ourselves.
1. Television is one-way communication: "Individuals receive, but they cannot send. They absorb, but they cannot share. They hear, but they do not speak. They see constant motion, but they do not move themselves. The 'well-informed citizenry' is in danger of becoming the 'well-assumed audience.'"
2. Distortion of journalism by entertainment values - the news has been tarted up & dumbed-down as Dan Rather put it.
3. Concentrated ownership of electronic broadcasting firms. The expense of owning/operating television means fewer news outlets (as compared to many independently-owned newspapers).
I quoted #1 because it is delightful prose...
Historically: Printed information accessible to all begat the age of reason (Enlightenment) which begat democracy...
People without knowledge feel helpless.
My thought about this: Printed information accessible to all begat the age of reason which begat democracy in the Western world. This is an appropriate focus for Gore - his audience is steeped in the history of the Western world.
Still, many indigenous peoples, including Native American tribes operated democratically. Zinn indicates that the difference in social structure are often due to the bounty of the environment in which the people live. People who live in forests with food available in abundance are peaceful and democratic. People who live in regions without sufficient food, water are often violent and authoritarian.
I would argue, based on information from ethologists, that democracy is GENETIC -- we see democratic social decision-making in insects, fish, deer, birds. Ethologists watched groups of animals for decades thinking that the alpha male or alpha female would make decisions and that other group members would follow their lead. What has been seen over and over again is that many group decisions are democratic. For example, a herd of deer has been eating grass in a particular location for a while, many are becoming full and getting a drink of water might be the next group activity. How do they decide when to go? At some point individuals in the herd will stop eating and turn to face in the direction of a particular watering hole they have visited before. When 51% of the herd is standing and facing in the same direction - they go! Similar phenomena are seen in insects, birds. It is evolutionarily adaptive for groups to use the information gathering and decision-making power of many/most individuals in the group.
Democracy is not the product of the information age -- it is genetic. The tendency to behave democratically can be squelched by fear of violence or want; by cultural/religious teachings that authoritarian structures are "right" or "necessary"; and/or by lack of information.
Transition from print to television age...
Page 6: "And yet, today, almost forty-five years have passed since the majority of Americans received their news and information from the printed word. Newspapers are hemorrhaging readers."
Page 7: "All of a sudden, in a single, generation, Americans made a dramatic change in their daily routines, and started sitting motionless, staring at flickering images on a screen for more than 30 hours each week."
:wow:
Page 7: "Not only did television take over a larger share of the time and attention Americans devoted to news and information, it began to dominate a larger share of the public sphere as a whole. Moreover, as advertisers quickly discovered, television's power to motivate changes in behavior was also unprecedented. The advertising of products, of course, is the principal business of television. And it is difficult to overstate the extent to which the pervasiveness of modern electronic advertising has reshaped our society."
:applause: :applause: :applause: :applause: :applause:
Ads created demand for products we did not need and then political campaigns, adopting marketing techniques, became ever more expensive to run and now there are more wealthy people in House and Senate...
"To the extent that money and the clever use of electronic mass media could be used to manipulate the outcome of elections, the role of reason began to diminish.
As a college student, I wrote my senior thesis on the impact of television on the balance of power among the three branches of government. In the course of that study, I point out the growing importance of visual rhetoric and body language over logic and reason. There are countless examples of this, but perhaps, understandably, the first one that comes to mind is from the 2000 campaign, long before the Supreme Court decision and the hanging chads, when the controversy over my sighs in the first debate with George W. Bush created an impression on television that for many viewers outweighed whatever positive benefits I might have otherwise gained in the verbal combat of ideas and substance. A lot of good that senior thesis did me." ;-) :D
If you are interested in the use of propaganda in marketing and politics, there is a FANTASTIC BBC series on GoogleVideo called "Century of the Self." It started with Sigmund Freud's nephew Edward Bernays who founded modern marketing techniques. "Century of the Self" takes us all the way through Bill Clinton's
"use of powerful computers to parse and subdivide the American people according to "psychographic" categories that identify their selective susceptibility to individually tailored appeals" that have magnified the power of propagandistic electronic messaging" - page 10 TAOR.
Century of Self - Program 1 of 4The medium is the message -- McLuhan, Postman & Neuroscience of Emotion and Reason...
Reading print - interpreting symbols on a page - activates brain regions central to reasoning.
"...vividness portrayed on television has the capacity to trigger instinctual responses similar to those triggered by reality itself - and without being modulated by logic, reason, and reflective thought."
"An individual who spends four and a half hours a day watching television is likely to have a very different pattern of brain activity from an individual who spends four and a half hours a day reading. Different parts of the brain are stimulated repetitively.... the human brain...is hardwired to immediately notice sudden movement in our field of vision. We not only notice, we are compelled to look. passed on to us the genetic trait that neuroscientists call "the orienting response." And that is the brain syndrome continuously activated by television - sometimes as frequently as once per second. That is the reason the industry phrase glue eyeballs to the screen is actually more than a glib and idle boast."
I've not read McLuhan, but I've read
Neil Postman -- "Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (1985)" Foreward to "Amusing Ourselves to Death" --
We were keeping our eye on 1984. When the year came and the prophecy didn't, thoughtful Americans sang softly in praise of themselves. The roots of liberal democracy had held. Wherever else the terror had happened, we, at least, had not been visited by Orwellian nightmares.
But we had forgotten that alongside Orwell's dark vision, there was another - slightly older, slightly less well known, equally chilling: Aldous Huxley's Brave New World. Contrary to common belief even among the educated, Huxley and Orwell did not prophesy the same thing. Orwell warns that we will be overcome by an externally imposed oppression. But in Huxley's vision, no Big Brother is required to deprive people of their autonomy, maturity and history. As he saw it, people will come to love their oppression, to adore the technologies that undo their capacities to think.
What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that there would be no reason to ban a book, for there would be no one who wanted to read one. Orwell feared those who would deprive us of information. Huxley feared those who would give us so much that we would be reduced to passivity and egoism. Orwell feared that the truth would be concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would be drowned in a sea of irrelevance. Orwell feared we would become a captive culture. Huxley feared we would become a trivial culture, preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies, the orgy porgy, and the centrifugal bumblepuppy. As Huxley remarked in Brave New World Revisited, the civil libertarians and rationalists who are ever on the alert to oppose tyranny "failed to take into account man's almost infinite appetite for distractions". In 1984, Huxley added, people are controlled by inflicting pain. In Brave New World, they are controlled by inflicting pleasure. In short, Orwell feared that what we hate will ruin us. Huxley feared that what we love will ruin us.
This book is about the possibility that Huxley, not Orwell, was right.