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Judaism has not given up Hebrew; they still have service in Hebrew and young Jewish people must study Hebrew before making their Bar Mitzvah or Bat Mitzvah. Most Jews do not speak Hebrew as their everyday language.
Islam has not given up Arabic although most Muslims probably do not speak Arabic as their everyday language (besides Iranians, who are not Arabs but Persians, there are many Muslims in Asia, Indonesia, Africa, and, in recent years, Europe and the US and Canada. Still, they all pray in Arabic and I'm not sure translation of the Koran from Arabic into another language is allowed.
Only Christianity gave up what was the established language of Christians in the early centuries of the Church, namely Latin. As Rome became the center of Christianity, Latin naturally became the language of the Church. This had occurred by 79 A.D., which was only 46 years after Jesus was crucified, died, and was resurrected. Latin is still the official language of the Roman Catholic Church, the language used for official communications, but very few priests know it today and it's not taught in seminaries, except a few traditional ones.
(I'm not mentioning Asian religions just to keep this shorter. I've read the major literature of Hinduism, Mahayana Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism but am not sure that any of them have a sacred language, a language that must be studied by believers, that is like Hebrew is to Judaism, Arabic to Islam, or Latin to Christianity. I'll probably look it up sometime now that the question has entered my mind, but perhaps someone already knows the answers. Another thing Judaism, Islam, and Christianity have in common is that all are monotheistic, while the Asian faiths are not.)
Why keep an ancient language alive for religious reasons? Because it is beautiful and mysterious and powerful. It helps us transcend the everyday in worship. It's part of the totality of the experience of worship in the Catholic Church, along with the "smells and bells," beeswax candles, statues, stained glass windows, etc. it's meant to take us out of our everyday world. We can return to the everyday world, and talk with fellow Catholics, over doughnuts and coffee in the parish social hall after Mass and at other parish events.
The Council of Trent had underlined the special reverence aroused by the use of the sacred language, Latin, instead of the vulgar tongues, which elicited "the contempt of men who find it easy to ignore things that are familiar to them and common." Trent was a dogmatic council, its teachings were to be obeyed.
Vatican II was a pastoral council, it merely made suggestions for alternatives, like saying Mass in the vernacular, with the priest facing the people during Mass, which meant a table had to be put in front of the High Altar so he could stand behind the table and use it to hold the ciborium, chalice, etc. It could not require that any of these changes be implemented, but they were, along with many more.
The Mass was beautiful when sung or said in Latin. There was more reverence, too, without all the talking before, during, and after Mass that often occurs today. People spent more time in prayer in and out of church. Watch older Catholics and you will often notice them arriving early to pray and staying after Mass has ended to pray. You'll also notice that they will kneel on the floor if there are no kneelers or if the crowd is standing room only like on Easter or Christmas Eve. That's if they are physically able to do so, of course, and I mean people up into their 90s, down to age 60 or so. Everybody went to Confession on Saturday in order to be able to receive Communion on Sunday. There were more devotional activities in parishes, like novenas, large group recitations of the Rosary, Adoration and Benediction. And if people couldn't hear the priest during a Low Mass, they read the Mass silently in their Missals as he celebrated it or prayed the Rosary or other prayers.
Pope Pius XII warned us "The day the Catholic Church gives up its Latin language is the day it returns to the catacombs."
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