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One of my profs at uni (in my technical theater classes -- I took 'em for humanities credits) has been in costuming for decades, and she gave me the skinny on fabrics: Unless a fabric says wool or (sometimes) rayon, or has a deep pile (faux fur, some velvets), the reason that it says Dry Clean Only is because the manufacturer (of the cloth or the garment) didn't want to do the necessary testing to determine what conditions the fabric can handle. Dry Clean Only is the default. This is especially true with cheap clothing because one of the ways to save money in the manufacturing process is to not do the testing. Cotton has a long enough product history that all of the testing has been done, but some of the new man-made fibers are not as well tested. (However, beech and tencel are both totally water-friendly.)
Rayon can't handle a lot of washing, especially rayon challis. It definitely needs cold water and the gentle cycle.
Wool can be washed, but it takes care. (Wool has been washed for centuries, after all... :eyes: ) There are two methods, and both of them are labor intensive: Cold and Warm. The cold method is basically the longest running clothing washing process in the world: dunk in cold water, pound it on rocks (agitate), then spread it on dry grass or bushes (dry flat). No soap. The risk here is fulling -- which is what causes pilling, shape changes and weird shrinkage. (Fulling is the same process as felting, but felting is raw wool while fulling is woven or knitted cloth.) Fulling is caused by abrasion -- it is essentially tangling up the hairs in the wool to create a fuzzy surface. Worsted (smooth) wools won't do this as badly, but they can and will do it eventually.
The warm method is what I'm using on my merino sweaters, and so far, so good. (They've been washed about once a week since early October, and still look new - no pilling or fulling. Also, skirts and slacks handle this treatment well, and nothing has changed shape.) It requires time, a couple of dish pans or empty sinks and a flat drying rack and a towel. Also, Ivory dish detergent. (No, I don't use Woolite. Ivory is cheaper, works better and in the doses I use it in, gentler.) Wool's enemies are the combination of alkalinity and high heat with agitation. Keeping at least two of the three out of the cleaning process will keep the wool looking good and in excellent shape. Ivory has a ph of 7.2, so it's neutral.
Brush any actual, physical dirt or dust from the clothing. Spot treat any stains. Fill the sink with bathwater warm water (what you'd use to wash your hair), but no clothing in the water. Turn off the tap. Add a squirt of Ivory dish soap (the plain old original stuff, though basic shampoo will work, too.), about 1-2 teaspoons. No more. Swish the water a little to disperse the detergent, but not enough to suds it up. Lay the garment on the water, but don't scrub, swish or agitate it. Just let it soak in. Brownian motion and the Ivory will remove the body oils and any dirt. Leave it alone for twenty minutes or a half hour or so. (I usually go work out in between changes - sweater 1 goes in, I treadmill for half an hour. Move the sweater, start the second one, do my weights or pilates floor or whatever for a half hour. Move the sweaters, start the third one, get in the shower.) After it has soaked, drain the water from the sink or gather the sweater up in your hands, fully supporting it, and transfer it to another sink/pan of water without Ivory. This is the rinse. No swishing. The soap will disperse. If you feel there's still soap, you can repeat this rinse step.
Once it's rinsed, roll it up in a towel and press to squeeze out the excess water, but don't rub. Then lay it on a flat drying surface (where kitties won't go -- they love the feel of an almost dry, warm wool garment in the little hammock that is a drying rack....) so that it's not stretched out or deformed. Let it dry. In Colorado, this is an 8 hour process, but in more humid climates, it can take up to three days (so rotate and flip the garment so that it dries evenly.)
Keep it out of the dryer - so don't use the Home Dry-cleaning products like Dryel - and don't hang it up to dry.
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