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"The prohibition against ex post facto laws arose from the knowledge that the Parliament of Great Britain claimed and exercised a power to pass such laws. Sometimes they respected the crime by declaring acts to be treason which were not treason when committed, at other times they violated the rules of evidence by admitting one witness when the existing law required two, by receiving evidence without oath or the oath of the wife against the husband or other testimony which the courts would not admit; at other times they inflicted punishments where the party was not by law liable to any punishment; and in other cases, they inflicted greater punishment than the law annexed to the offence. The ground for the exercise of such legislative power was this, that the safety of the kingdom depended on the death or other punishment of the offender: as if traitors, when discovered, could be so formidable, or the government so insecure! With very few exceptions, the advocates of such laws were stimulated by ambition, or personal resentment, and vindictive malice. To prevent such and similar acts of violence and injustice, the Constitution of the United States, article 1, section 9, prohibits the Legislature of the United States from passing any ex post facto law...
Laws I consider ex post facto laws: 1st. Every law that makes an action, done before the passing of the law, and which was innocent when done, criminal; and punishes such action. 2nd. Every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed. 3rd. Every law that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment, than the law annexed to the crime, when committed. 4th. Every law that alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less, or different, testimony, than the law required at the time of the commission of the offence, in order to convict the offender." - Justice Chase (1798)
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