Edited on Wed Jun-20-07 01:14 PM by L. Coyote
FROM: The Cannibalism Paradigm: Assessing Contact Period Ethnohistorical Discourse.
http://www.jqjacobs.net/anthro/cannibalism.html... the Díaz version of the conquest appeared in Spain in 1576, Díaz continued to revise his book until his death in 1584. Although Diaz wrote retrospectively, there apparently is no obfuscation of his prejudice towards Indians, or of the degree to which acquisition of gold and riches motivated the Spanish conquest.
I selected the following parts of Diaz's discourse (Diaz 1956) to illustrate the paradigms of the conquerors, their motivations, and their views of the natives. On arriving in Cuba:
"On landing we went at once to pay our respects to the Governor, who was pleased at our coming, and promised to give us Indians as soon as there were any to spare."
This passage evidences enslavement of the Caribbean population and the scarcity of slaves. About leaving Cuba in 1517, Diaz writes:
"In order that our voyage should proceed on right principles we wished to take with us a priest…. We also chose for the office of overseer (in His Majesty's name) a soldier ... so that if God willed that we should come on rich lands, or people who possessed gold or silver or pearls or any other kind of treasure, there should be a responsible person to guard the Royal Fifth."
The motivation and rationale of the voyage is revealed. Riches and treasure are sought, finding rich lands is associated with God's will (a justification for seizure) and the entire enterprise of taking the riches obviously involves the institutions of church and state. Diaz reveals the belief that the Spaniards could simply take possession of any riches encountered (conditioned on giving the monarchy twenty percent) and that the enterprise had religious sanction. Implicit in this view is the precept of Others. Undertaking such actions against Christian nations was not sanctioned.
Regarding the discovery of Yucatan, Diaz continues:
"When we had seen the gold and houses of masonry, we felt well content at having discovered such a country."
Regarding the second expedition from Cuba to Yucatan:
"As the report had spread that the lands were very rich, the soldiers and settlers who possessed no Indians in Cuba were greedily eager to go to the new land..."
On returning to Cuba:
"When the governor saw the gold we had brought ... amounted in all to twenty thousand dollars, he was well contented. Then the officers of the King took the Royal Fifth...." "When Governor Diego Velasquez understood how rich were these newly discovered lands, he ordered another fleet, much larger than the former one be sent off..."
These passages clearly relate the role of searching for riches. One form of wealth is certainly the possession of slaves, and this wealth is based on the ability to find slaves. Fundamental to enslavement is the concept of Other.
Of the expedition to Mexico:
"As soon as Hernando Cortes had been appointed General he began to search for all sorts of arms, guns, powder, and crossbows, and every kind of warlike stores which he could get together..."
"Then he ordered two standards and banners to be made, worked in gold with the royal arms and the cross on each side with a legend which said, 'Comrades, let us follow the sign of the Holy Cross with true faith, and through it we shall conquer.' …"
"Juan Sedeno passed for the richest soldier in the fleet, for he came in his own ship with the mare, and a negro and a store of cassava bread and salt pork, and at that time horses and negroes were worth their weight in gold…."
In this discourse, the intent to find riches is coupled with creating a military unit. The role of religion in rationalizing conquest is revealed. The symbolic interweaving of religion and monarchy are seen in the standards and banners, symbolic supports for the enterprise. Diaz cites horses and Negroes as two classes of objects in the same domain, that of wealth. An implicit factor in othering is also revealed, skin color and the perception of race. This discourse reveals that Negroes were Others and that Spanish enslavement was not limited to Native Americans.