We agree that low and intermediate exposures to radiation are dangerous. How dangerous?
"Humans are exposed every day to radioactive elements that occur naturally in the environment.
Gamma and alpha radiation emitted by radioactive elements in rocks and soils, especially those that decay quickly (such as radon), pose a health risk. This radiation is implicated in cancers of the lung, bone, and of other organs. The health threat posed by uranium alone primarily as a heavy-metal chemical poison similar to arsenic. This is known as chemotoxicity and is implicated in kidney disease. Radon is especially dangerous because it is a gas and can easily enter the lungs. Although natural concentrations of these radioactive materials are usually less than established threshold health values, human activity often inadvertently exposes us to radionuclides at dangerous levels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that as much as 30 percent of the public drinking-water supply in the United States exceeds their recently-established maximum contaminant levels for radon. An even greater percentage of private water supplies, unregulated by EPA, may contain elevated levels of radioactive materials.
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Dissolved uranium complexes in water with dissolved fluorides, phosphates, and carbonates. When phosphate precipitates from water uranium goes with it. As a result, for example, uranium is a serious contaminant in phosphate fertilizers that are ubiquitous in crop farming. As irrigation water containing uranium is used, fertilizers that also contain uranium serve to compound the potential toxicity. Although most crops resist uptake of radioactive materials in their leafy (above-ground) components, those crops whose roots are consumed (such as potatoes, peanuts, carrots), are susceptible to contamination by uranium. Geochemical sampling and detailed geological mapping are essential early steps to knowing where irrigation water, contaminated by underlying rocks or by fertilizers may be a problem.
http://energy.usgs.gov/factsheets/Radioactivity/radioact.htmlAs I have pointed out elsewhere, we can hide in our homes and weep uncontrollably, or we can perform an accurate assessment of risk and get on with our lives.
How much does radiation created from nuclear power and its related processes contribute to "natural" background radiation? Hard to tell.
"Perspectives on Radiation Risks
The recommended standards for Yucca Mountain are illustrative of the unusual attention and concern surrounding risks from man-made ionizing radiation. Many reasons have been advanced for this concern, including the connection between radiation and nuclear weapons and the fact that human senses cannot detect radiation.
Ironically, however, it has also been very difficult to detect adverse effects from low-level radiation. The search for radiation effects among populations exposed to moderately elevated radiation levels—inhabitants of regions with high natural levels of radiation, nuclear industry workers (excluding miners), and residents of houses with high radon levels—has not provided any conclusive evidence of excess cancer rates. In a push of the pendulum far to the skeptical side, this creates a temptation to dismiss entirely the hazards of low doses. It is difficult to find a firmly based middle ground. The available information, taken as a whole, provides no conclusive evidence as to the nature of the consequences at low doses and low dose rates. However, proponents of the linearity hypothesis and of hormesis —as well as believers in a near-zero effect—can find support from individual studies (see Appendix F). Under these circumstances, adopting the linearity hypothesis for purposes of setting radiation limits may be a prudent regulatory expedient. However, it should be recognized that the scientific validity of the hypothesis is not well established."
http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/teachersguide/pdf/Chap15.pdfMuch more thoroughly-documented are the deaths attributable to airborne coal soot:
Coal Power Soot Kills 24,000 Americans Annually
http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jun2004/2004-06-10-10.aspI don't need to point out that the deaths from Chernobyl represent a miniscule percentage of the
annual casualties from the coal industry. Where is the anti-coal hysteria? We can hold a lump of coal in our hands, but very few have actually seen uranium. Could it be that unfamiliarity and ignorance are disproportinately inflating uranium's danger? Do you remember (I do) the UFO hysteria of the 1950s-1960s, a direct result of government propaganda warning us of Russian ICBMs dropping out of the sky?
Now on to how to solve our energy problems. You claim that "We have the technology and capability to put in a clean, renewable energy infrastructure. All that we lack is the national leadership and will." Do you believe we can find 500 km2 of land each week and build windmills on it? Based on what?
"If we are to stabilize the emission of carbon dioxide by the middle of the 21st century, we need to replace 2000 fossil-fuel power stations in the next 40 years, equivalent to a rate of one per week. Can we find 500 km2 each week to install 4000 windmills? Or perhaps we could cover 10 km2 of desert each week with solar panels and keep them clean? Tidal power can produce large amounts of energy, but can we find a new Severn estuary and build a barrage costing £9bn every five weeks?
Nuclear power, however, is a well tried and reliable source, whereas the alternatives listed by Anderson are mainly hope for the future and have yet to prove themselves. At the height of new nuclear construction in the 1980s, an average of 23 new nuclear reactors were being built each year, with a peak of 43 in 1983. A construction rate of one per week is therefore practicable."
http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/128And finally, what we're up against.
"Global Warming Catastrophe - New Evidence
Posted 26 June 2003 by Jason Judge
Global warming over the next hundred years could trigger a catastrophe which rivals the worst mass extinction in the planet's entire history, according to new evidence unearthed by scientists at Bristol University.
The researchers have discovered that a mere six degrees of global warming was enough to wipe out up to 95% of the species which were alive on Earth at the end of the Permian period, 251 million years ago. Up to six degrees of warming is now predicted for the next century by UN scientists from the intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, if nothing is done about emissions of the greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, which cause global warming.
The end-Permian mass extinction is now thought to have been caused by gigantic volcanic eruptions, which triggered a runaway greenhouse effect and nearly put an end to life on Earth. Conditions in what geologists have termed this 'post-apocalyptic greenhouse' were so severe that only one large land animal was left alive, and it took 100 million years for species diversity to return to former levels.
This dramatic new finding is revealed in a book by Bristol University's Head of Earth Sciences, Professor Michael Benton, which chronicles the geological efforts leading up to the discovery and its potential implications."
http://www.iema.net/news/envnews?aid=4056The earth is being destroyed, and fast. In the interest of trying to shed light I have resisted getting ornery like nNadir, but I am starting to understand where his orneriness comes from. The truth is that wind and solar will provide a tiny, tiny fraction of the energy required to save the planet in the coming centuries, and are like quack cancer cures taken by those suspicious of the medical profession. Taking one's health into one's own hands is everyone's right of course, but when they take my health into their hands out of ignorance and fear, I'm going to fight it every step of the way.