The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 was introduced in the Senate by Phil Gramm (R-TX) as S.900 and in the House of Representatives by James Leach (R-IA) as H.R. 10. S. 900 was passed along party lines 54-44 in the Senate by
Roll Call Vote 105 on by May 6, 1999. A different version (H.R. 10) passed in the House without objection (no roll call vote) on July 20, 1999. But the two chambers could not agree on a joint version of the bill until Republicans agreed to strengthen provisions of the
Community Reinvestment Act and address certain
privacy concerns, which won the support of Senate Democrats.
The bill was returned from conference for final votes in both Houses as S. 900. It passed 90-8 in the Senate on November 4, 1999 by
Roll Call Vote 354 and passed 362-57 on the same day in the House by
Roll Call Vote 570.
This effectively dismantled Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, allowing financial services institutions to merge. The Act was veto proof by the time it reached President Clinton but he would have signed it anyway.
The deregulation was distinctly a Republican initiative. Democrats capitulated mainly to get CRA enhancements. But nearly all members of Congress were complicit when the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 met its demise. Congressional Democrats and the Clinton Administration lost their way when they failed to defended this New Deal safeguard.
Republicans Propose a Deal on Financial Services - New York Times - October 13, 1999This discussion is not complete without some mention of
The Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, also known as The Enron Loophole. This legislation arguably did more to trigger the current financial meltdown than The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999. With his wife Wendy standing by as a member of Enron's Board of Directors, Phil Gramm was a key player in the push to get derivatives trading deregulated by passage of the CFMA. This led directly to the fraud brought about upon electricity consumers in California. Thence the term, 'Enron Loophole'. But even more damage has been done by the unregulated credit default swaps that have ensued.
Most thought the CFMA dead that year, but Gramm
slipped it into a must-pass omnibus spending bill during the final days of the Clinton Administration.
That is how all this got set up. Then on January 22, 2001 along came The Decider to show us all what the Invisible Hand could really do for us.