U.S. soldiers have long been used by our nation’s leaders and war profiteers as pawns in the service or their plans. Not only are they sent to foreign lands to fight and die, but they are used in numerous public relations stunts. When people criticize a war, especially during the Bush/Cheney administration, our leaders pretend that our criticisms are directed at “the troops” rather than at the leaders who started the war. When Democratic Congresspersons threaten to withhold funds for continuation of the war, they are accused of withholding funds for the protection of “our troops”.
These claims are of course absurd. Criticism of a war is almost always directed at those who create and propagate it – not at those who fight in it. And nothing would protect our troops more than to end the war and send them home. Yet, those who have an interest in the continuation of war never miss an opportunity to slam a war’s opponents as being unpatriotic and against “our troops”.
My perspective on warWhen I was very young, like the vast majority of Americans I bought into the idea that it was always a good and patriotic thing to fight in American wars. My liberal parents told me that our country was on the side of virtue and justice in every war it had fought in. Undoubtedly, that’s what they were taught in school – just as I was. But with the onset of the Vietnam War (when I was a teenager) they actually became active in protesting against it.
One thing that makes it difficult to assess justifications for war is that the true motivations are rarely if ever publicly announced, and there are usually multiple
true motivations. Different historical accounts provide so many different reasons for wars.
That said, my ideas on valid justifications for war are very similar to the justifications
provided by the United Nations. I believe that self-defense and the stopping of genocide (or something similar) are the only two valid justifications for war. As such, the more I read the more I have come to realize that so many of our wars were
not justified, contrary to what I had been taught. At this time, our only wars that I believe to have been justified were the Revolutionary War, the Civil War, World War II, and the war to stop the genocide in Kosovo. A very many of them were motivated largely by the
worst kinds of motives, including war profiteering, imperialism and racism.
Therefore, I no longer believe in a draft – for my country or any other. I used to believe in it because it made sense to me that if people want the privileges of citizenship they should be required to pay for those privileges in times of great danger to their country. After all, how can a country exist if it doesn’t have the power to defend itself in times of need? But since I realized the extent to which war has been abused by our nation’s leaders through much of our history, I have come to feel differently. If a country can’t persuade its citizens voluntarily to fight for it when necessary, then maybe that country shouldn’t exist.
Our troops In order for our nation’s war profiteers to be able to use our troops as pawns in their propaganda projects, they have to make them out to be so sacred that the least criticism of them, or even implied criticism, is seen as something akin to treason. Sometimes that is not very hard to do. For Americans who have been brought up to believe that the purpose of every American war is to protect them from a fate worse than death, it is easy to understand the unquestioned reverence they have for our troops. They believe that they are in great danger, and the only thing standing between them and a fate worse than death are our American soldiers.
So, our soldiers can be looked upon as heroes. Or, they can be looked upon as naïve pawns who obediently do what they’re told in the service of those who start wars for their own benefit. Or they can be looked upon as both at the same time. But who are they really?
The truth is that many of them really are heroes – exposing themselves to great risks for what they see as the defense of their country. What percentage of them falls into that category? I wouldn’t even hazard to guess. But undoubtedly, many are heroes and very naïve about what they are being used for at the same time. In my opinion, the most admirable ones are those who, like John Kerry, joined up with the intention of defending their country, but who kept their minds open enough to later turn against a very unjustified war, and who subsequently led anti-war efforts.
And what about the many atrocities that have been committed in so many of our wars, especially in our war against the
Philippines, the
Vietnam War, and the
most recent war and occupation of Iraq? If our soldiers are heroes, then how do you explain all those atrocities? Well, I would say that in most large groups of people there will be a mixture of bad apples and good ones and everything in between. I’m a very non-judgmental person. I don’t judge people by the group they belong to, but as individuals – for the most part. I’m even willing to withhold judgment on individual Republicans until I know something about them individually. And there is a fair share of them in my family.
Variations in U.S. soldiers’ attitudes and behavior over time or other circumstancesAccounts of the behavior of U.S. soldiers during war time have varied greatly. This does not necessarily mean that the differing accounts are unreliable. It is very likely that soldier behavior varies greatly according to their training, leadership and other circumstances, all which vary greatly over time and even
within specific time periods.
Retired Brigadier General S.L.A. Marshall wrote in “
Men against Fire: The Problem of Battle Command in Future War” that, based on his interviews with soldiers during World War II, only about 15% of them fired their guns at the enemy during combat. His conclusion from his interviews was that it was not fear, but rather humanity, that caused this low firing rate.
Marshall’s conclusions have since become very controversial, as much higher rates of firing were found
during the Vietnam War. But even in that war, firing rates were found to be only around 80% – far short of the army ideal of 100%. And Marshall himself found much higher rates during the Vietnam War. So probably the differences were real, reflecting either differences in training or perhaps racial hatred as a factor during the Vietnam War.
Former U.S. Marine Tyler Boudreau, explains in an article in
The Progressive, “
To Kill or Not to Kill”, how his Marine training was meant to compensate for the U.S. military’s concerns over low firing rates. Referring to the Marshall studies, he says:
You can just imagine the military’s dismay upon getting this news… When I enlisted in the Marine Corps in 1989, drill instructors conveyed the gory destruction of human bodies with genuine zest… To master one’s reluctance to take life, one must stop revering life so much… We trained ourselves with flair to gouge eyeballs from our enemies’ sockets and crush their skulls with the heels of our boots as they lay quivering on the ground. The higher a Marine could swing his leg up into the air and the deeper his heel sunk into the dirt… the more virile he began to feel.
Boudreau wrote about this in “
Packing Inferno: The Unmaking of a Marine”. But then he received an e-mail from a friend and former Marine from an earlier time period (1950s), objecting to what he wrote:
I found this image of a lust to gouge out eyeballs, and to thrust bayonets into real bodies, very off-putting… It sounded un-Marine to me… Though we came out of our training determined to be very good Marines, I don’t think we were ever encouraged to think of ourselves as, or be, bloodthirsty. In my day, we prided ourselves, I thought, on cool professionalism that didn’t depend on hating an enemy.
The former Marine who wrote that e-mail was Daniel Ellsberg, the man who blew the whistle on the Vietnam War with his leak of the
Pentagon Papers.
The problems posed in combating guerilla warfare by an occupied and repressed populationBoudreau had a change of heart during his service in the Iraq War:
In 2005, after 12 years of active service in the Marine Corps and with growing reservations about the war, I… resigned my commission. It struck me that, in our headlong pursuit to deliver freedom and democracy and to expel an oppressive regime and combat terrorism, we had inadvertently lost sight of the very people we’d been deployed to help.
Boudreau explains the specific problems that tend to occur during a guerilla war, especially one in which the people of the occupied country respond with hatred and ferocity to what they see as repression and imperialism:
Because the conflict was unconventional, and because our adversaries wore no uniforms and were indistinguishable from the local populace, we began to view all people with suspicion. The distinction between the lives we could revere and those we were compelled to dismiss suddenly became blurred. This was problematic amidst an operation in which gaining popular support, as a method to undermine insurgents, was the paramount task put forth…
As our frustration swelled, our operations shifted conspicuously from humanitarian to a fierce battle of will with the insurgents and, by definition, with the populace in which they concealed themselves. The more casualties we took, the heavier our hand became with the locals…
Speaking out against the Iraq War – “Winter Soldiers”An article in
The Nation, titled “
Winter Soldiers Speak”, made this point more forcefully. Written by Laila Al-Arian, the article is taken from the accounts of Iraq Veterans Against the War (IVAW) at the March 2008 Winter Soldier summit in Silver Spring, Maryland:
Pfc. Clifton Hicks was given an order. Abu Ghraib had become a "free-fire zone," Hicks was told, and no "friendlies" or civilians remained in the area. "Game on. All weapons free," his captain said. Upon that command, Hicks's unit opened a furious fusillade, firing wildly into cars, at people scurrying for cover, at anything that moved. Sent in to survey the damage, Hicks found the area littered with human and animal corpses, including women and children, but he saw no military gear or weapons of any kind near the bodies. In the aftermath of the massacre, Hicks was told that his unit had killed 700-800 "enemy combatants." But he knew the dead were not terrorists or insurgents; they were innocent Iraqis. "I will agree to swear to that till the day I die," he said. "I didn't see one enemy on that operation."
Soldiers and marines at Winter Soldier described the frustration of routinely raiding the wrong homes and arresting the wrong people… "This is not an isolated incident," the testifiers uttered over and over… insisting that the atrocities they committed or witnessed were common….
While the Winter Soldiers offered a searing critique of the military's treatment of civilians, which they described as alternately inhumane and sadistic, they also empathized with fellow soldiers thrust into a chaotic urban theater where the lines between combatants and civilians are blurred. "It's criminal to put such patriotic Americans...in a situation where their morals are at odds with their survival instincts"…
But as much light as was shone on the situation by US veterans, it only begins to scratch the surface of what Iraqis have to put up with:
The Winter Soldier hearings also featured Iraqi testifiers like Salam Talib… Though Talib said he was encouraged to see so many US veterans describing their experiences in frank terms, the testimonies were not much of a revelation for him. "What the American soldiers are talking about is everyday life for Iraqis. They're not even talking about 10 percent of what's happening there" … "They are simply giving credibility to the stories that have been told over and over from Iraq by journalists, Iraqis and humanitarian organizations…
The stories that Talib refers to are the ones that the U.S. corporate news media refuses to cover. To do so would be embarrassing to our country, and what is worse (since the rest of the world already knows about these things) it would cause the American people to turn against the Iraq occupation even more than they already have.
The inherent contradictions of the Iraq War and occupationBoudreau sums up his article by noting some of the inherent contradictions facing U.S. troops in Iraq:
Empathy and aggression do not go hand in hand… It is not possible to reduce one’s regard for an enemy’s life without reducing one’s regard for all life. And it is not possible to genuinely strive to help a people, to reach out to them, while simultaneously preparing to kill them. You cannot achieve excellence in both war and humanity at the same time.
As true as Boudreau’s statement is, it does not go to the root of the problem in our occupation of Iraq. He says that “It is not possible to genuinely strive to help a people while simultaneously preparing to kill them”. Well, yeah. But that statement totally ignores the most glaring fact about the Iraq War and occupation (and so many other U.S. wars as well): Its purpose was not genuine and its purpose was NOT to “help a people”. How can a war that destroys a peoples’ country,
kills over a million, and creates over
four million refugees in a country with a population of between 25 and 30 million be said to be based on a desire to help people? And yet we have the nerve to call
them terrorists.
The hypocrisy is mind boggling. The
purpose of this war was
not to remove a threat to our country,
not to fight terrorism and
not to bring freedom and democracy to the Iraqi people. The purpose of the war was to enrich the profiteers who advocated it. Given that purpose, it shouldn’t be difficult to understand why our troops were faced with the hatred and ferocious resistance that they encountered.