Appendix
Measuring the Benefits of Particular Tax Cuts for the Illustrative Households
There are two general approaches to calculating the benefits of a particular tax cut or set of tax cuts, such as the 2001 tax cuts: calculate the effect of each tax cut (or set of tax cuts) individually — without regard to the impact of the other tax cuts — or calculate the effects of each tax cut sequentially, so that the effects of each tax cut are “stacked.”
The Tax Policy Center, in its estimates of the distributional impact of the various tax cut provisions, uses the sequential approach. Under this methodology, the tax benefits from each individual provision (or set of provisions) add to the total benefits from the Bush tax cuts as a whole, because the sequencing or “stacking” captures all interactions between the provisions.
One issue with this methodology is that the benefit from a given provision can vary significantly depending on its placement in the sequence — in other words, whether it is considered before, or after, other provisions. While alternative sequences would always produce the same totals, they might result in very different tax benefits attributed to each individual provision.
To calculate the tax cuts from individual provisions for the three illustrative households in this paper, we applied the other approach: measuring the impact of each provision individually. Specifically, we assumed that all of the middle-class tax cuts remain in place for 2011 and then calculated the increase in the household’s tax burden if a particular provision were removed. This approach is helpful for illustrating the benefits of a particular provision for households in a given point in the income distribution because the tax benefit does not depend on the provision’s place in the sequence.
The drawback of measuring the impact of each provision individually is that it does not capture the interactions between provisions. This means that the total benefit an illustrative household will receive from the entire package of tax cuts will not necessarily be reached by adding the benefits from each provision.
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