The jobless rate is calculated based on survey data, not the unemployment insurance rolls. Roughly one-third of the nearly 15 million unemployed are not receiving benefits in the first place.
"Each month the Census Bureau conducts a survey of 60,000 households," Steinberg said in an email. "Each household provides labor force information on each member of the household. Everyone unemployed is counted as unemployed, no matter how long they have been unemployed. The survey does not ask about unemployment insurance benefits."
The survey does not simply ask respondents to say if the are "employed" or "unemployed," either.
"Respondents are never asked specifically if they are unemployed, nor are they given an opportunity to decide their own labor force status," according to the BLS website. "Similarly, interviewers do not decide the respondents' labor force classification. They simply ask the questions in the prescribed way and record the answers. Based on information collected in the survey and definitions programmed into the computer, individuals are then classified as employed, unemployed, or not in the labor force."
"Last week," an interviewer might ask, "did you have a job, either full or part time? Include any job from which you were temporarily absent."
Another typical question: "Have you been doing anything to find work during the last 4 weeks?"
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/11/unemployment-rate-most-persistent-myth_n_806692.html