who's grading those tests the billionaires are imposing on kids? low-level Target managers: $11/hr

[Hannah Bell]

Standardized testing has become central to education policy in the United States. After dramatically expanding in the wake of the No Child Left Behind Act, testing has been further enshrined by the Obama administration’s $3.4 billion “Race to the Top” grants. Given the ongoing debate over these policies, it might be useful to hear about the experiences of a hidden sector of the education workforce: those of us who make our living scoring these tests...

I recently spent four months working for two test-scoring companies, scoring tens of thousands of papers, while routinely clocking up to seventy hours a week...“Wait, someone scores standardized tests? I thought those were all done by machines.” This is usually the first response I get when I tell people I’ve been eking out a living as a test-scoring temp. The companies responsible for scoring standardized tests have not yet figured out a way to electronically process the varied handwriting and creative flourishes of millions of third to twelfth graders...Instead, every year, the written-response portions of innumerable standardized tests given across the country are scored by human beings—tens of thousands of us, a veritable army of temporary workers.

I often wonder who students (or teachers and parents, for that matter) picture scoring their papers. When I was a student, I envisioned my tests being graded by qualified teachers... This idea, it turns out, is as much a fantasy as imagining all the tests are being scored by machines...Test scoring is a huge business, dominated by a few multinational corporations, which arrange the work in order to extract maximum profit.

Test-scoring companies make their money by hiring a temporary workforce each spring, people willing to work for low wages (generally $11 to $13 an hour), no benefits, and no hope of long-term employment—not exactly the most attractive conditions for trained and licensed educators. So all it takes to become a test scorer is a bachelor’s degree, a lack of a steady job, and a willingness to throw independent thinking out the window and follow the absurd and ever-changing guidelines set by the test-scoring companies. Some of us scorers are retired teachers, but most are former office workers, former security guards, or former holders of any of the diverse array of jobs previously done by the currently unemployed. When I began working in test scoring three years ago, my first “team leader” was qualified to supervise, not because of his credentials in the field of education, but because he had been a low-level manager at a local Target.

http://www.monthlyreview.org/101201dimaggio.php


the absurdity, hypocrisy & lies of the education deformers become more apparent every day.

this is the "high-quality" education they want for your kids: like the author says:

"does it inspire confidence to know that, for the people scoring the tests at the center of this nation’s education policy, the alternative is working in fast food?"


the equivalent of a call center sweatshop = the graders for your kids' futures.

personal, individualized attention? like hell.

PIECE-RATES. To score student essays.

"At 30 to 70 cents per paper, depending on the test, the incentive, especially for a home worker, is to score as quickly as possible in order to earn any money: at 30 cents per paper, you have to score forty papers an hour to make $12 an hour, and test scoring requires a lot of mental breaks...I have often wondered how much money I lose for every trip to the bathroom, and debated taking my laptop there with me. And since you are only guaranteed employment until the papers run out, you are in a race against all your phantom coworkers to score as many papers as you can, as fast as possible. "


and the results of THIS is what they're going to base TEACHER EVALUATIONS on.

it's completely sick.

yeah, right, THIS is going to improve education.

like hell.

you have to read the whole thing. unbelievable.


As a friend of mine was saying his goodbyes to the coworkers in his room at the end of this year’s scoring season, his seventy-year-old supervisor, a veteran test-scoring warrior, uttered the words I imagine many test scorers hope to hear: “I hope I never see you here again.” This is a measure of the cynicism with which many test scorers approach the industry, recognizing that it is fundamentally a game, which too many people are forced to play—but “hey, it beats working at McDonald’s or Subway!” Yet amid all the hopes of escaping the industry, these test-scoring companies are successfully expanding and are now hoping to get their hands on billions in “school turnaround” money handed out by the Obama administration and state governments. Pearson, for example, has “formed the K-12 Solutions Group, and…is seeking school-turnaround contracts in at least eight states… could draw on its testing, technology and other products to carry out a coherent school-improvement effort.”9

[Tunkamerica]

1. did you post this same article a month or so ago?

or did you comment on it?

[Hannah Bell]

2. no. and your point is what? are you the posting monitor?

a search shows me it was posted in the education forum, by three people & got in total about 15 comments, some from the posters.

i think it needs a wider audience.

i didn't see it & not very many others did.

parents, for one, need to know that fast-food workers & security guards are going to grade their kids' essays in the brave new world of ed deform.

people should also know that the results of that grading will determine whether teachers get to keep their jobs or not.

[Tunkamerica]

3. no, i commented and i thought it was you who responded

chill. you don't always have to be combative.

[Hannah Bell]

4. no, my name is not "crikkett". not sure why you remember it as me.

http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=219x30269

[XanaDUer]

89. Thanks for posting it again

I certainly didn't know this.

[WinkyDink]

32. What's your point? IT BEARS REPEATING, IF SO. THIS IS A VERITABLE CRIME.

[Dappleganger]

46. So what?

I had not heard of it before today and am enraged.

[xchrom]

5. Recommend

[dkf]

6. Do you also disagree with using SAT, ACT, MCAT and LSAT scores?

All of this is so disillusioning as to how worthless testing and grading is period. What value is any grading system? Maybe the entire educational system is just a hoax deceiving us into thinking we are accomplishing something by getting a grade now being revealed as meaningless.

[Hannah Bell]

7. if they have writing exams graded by $11/hr fast food workers doing it for 30 cents an essay; yes, i

strongly disagree.

and if the results of that scoring determines whether professors get to keep their jobs or not; yes, i strongly disagree.

[cali]

8. I thought the article said that the graders all had at least a BA

[Hannah Bell]

9. yes. a BA. in anything, including PE. no other experience required.

"most are former office workers, former security guards, or former holders of any of the diverse array of jobs previously done by the currently unemployed"

[cali]

10. why are you denigrating working people? you profess to stand for them

but you often exhibit nothing but contempt for them. I have, for instance, a friend who's a mason. That's right, he works with his hands. He's also one of the best read people I know. He has his BA- from Yale as a matter of fact, but he's never held a white collar job since he graduated from college some 30 years ago. By your lights, David wouldn't qualify to grade these test sheets. What do you want here? Teachers doing it? Do you think they want to do it? Could they take on the work load.

[Hannah Bell]

11. oh, gag me, cali. there are probably some english professors who are good masons as well.

but you don't get good masons, on average, by putting out a call for english teachers.

you don't get good essay scorers by:

1) taking anyone with a BA
2) making it a temp job paying $11/hr, no benefits, or
3) paying by the piece, making speed of grading the main criteria for making money
4) doing the grading in mass quantities until people's eyes bleed
5) setting it up as a competition for money with other graders such that if you take a bathroom break the essays may have "run out" when you get back
6) tell the graders to start grading differently midway through the grading period because the grades aren't coming back according to the statistical predictions

and you don't:

7) base teacher retention on the results of the above.


i know you didn't even read the article.

pernicious crap; piecework, casual labor, like any sweatshop, and that's what it is.

and that's what education is going to turn into, except for the "talented 10%" aka those who can pay the freight, our future lords and ladies.

[dkf]

12. Apparently only a grade/test score given by a teacher to a student has any meaning.

Any effort to test teachers is meaningless as is any effort to grade their effectiveness. Funny how that works.

[Hannah Bell]

14. you try grading even 50 essays consistently, let alone 5000, & see how you feel about it then.

and you try doing it on the clock, by piecework, when if you don't grade enough, you only make $4 an hour.

you'll see how quickly you stop thinking about "the children".

[reggie the dog]

19. 50 essays is about 15 to 17 hours work

to properly grade, and yes, you need to take breaks if you want to grade kids consistently. this is a scandal and a half and a huge dis service to our youth

[theaocp]

71. Fuckin-a right. n/t

[maryf]

21. please read my comment #20.

I have to go teach, might be my last year.

[WinkyDink]

34. Did you READ the OP article??

[maryf]

20. It may be the only job we teachers can find when we're laid off.

But it's not a question of qualifications for the job workers do. The need for workers to do highly qualified work like masonry, plumbing, welding (I worked as a welder for years), is getting very needed, (and with the loss of trade schools via school systems, much of the training will only be available via the military, but that's another discussion). Of course many workers are very bright, the brightest folks I've met were in heavy industry, but they haven't been trained to evaluate tests, they haven't been trained to read nuance etc. That's the problem.

If some private company decided that they could hire laid off teachers to do some masonry because the cost would be a lot cheaper, there would be a lot of walls collapsing in short order.

[eridani]

25. Given union scale for masons, he'd be batshit crazy to be a test scorer n/t

[WinkyDink]

35. Um, yeah, all those graders are Yalies.

[cali]

40. ooh, I just adore little straw men in the morning. goes sooo well with coffee.

[Hannah Bell]

your straw about the yalie mason ain't any great shakes either.

[WinkyDink]

45. I believe you were behind the counter at the Yale Straw-man Store.

[Dappleganger]

49. No she doesn't.

Your reading comprehension is awful.

[proud2BlibKansan]

69. What other professional responsibilities can temp workers do? How about surgery?

Tooth extraction?

And before you say those are specialized skills, well so is scoring an essay.

[maryf]

22. Hey Hannah!!

PE teachers actually give and evaluate tests!! ;)

[Hannah Bell]

24. i'm sure they do; i'd prefer they were pe tests rather than english essays, though.

i'm sure everyone can think of pe teachers or masons or people who only finished 4th grade that they think would competently score an english essay.

but on average, i don't think it's the case.

as you said, we'd never make the reverse case -- that a trade school degree is all that's needed to evaluate masonry.

people who aren't interested in language, don't care about it particularly -- perceive that "anyone can do it". writing is just like talking, to them.

and imo, no one can competently or fairly evaluate hundreds of essays in one sitting.

imo, what's happening is what's already happened with a lot of blue-collar work -- tasks broken down into their smallest components & separated from the whole so they become meaningless, "rationalized" so as to amount to checking off a list: headlights in front, check, horn functional, check, etc. -- then separated from the rest of the "production process" geographically --

done by anonymous part-time workers with no relationship to students or education or even english.

if they could outsource this work to india, they would -- and since plenty of people speak english in india, they probably will as soon as they get the checklist basic enough that the statistics will come out right.

really, i can't tell you how sick this article made me.

[maryf]

42. Thanks

I'm an art teacher, and here in NYS we have to include writing in our curricula, as do PE teachers, most teach health and have essays and tests. I was being a nudge, that's why the winkie! The pe teachers are very sensitive...

I used to give a very intensive 25 page final in Art, but the district I'm in now thought that was ridiculous...

English is the most important subject, and I agree with you, ideally they should be the ones evaluating the english tests; math teachers for math tests (that's even scarier, I wouldn't want to rate a math test, though I feel trained and literate enough to evaluate English essays, at least better than non-educators, even writers).

[Hannah Bell]

44. we're talking about people with bachelors' degrees who take a temp job scoring essays.

and do hundreds in a day or so.

[maryf]

47. I know, sorry for the tangent...

divergent thinker here...solidarity!

[Hannah Bell]

51. it's not my intention to say that pe teachers & masons are idiots. as i'm sure you know.

but they wouldn't be my first choice to score english essays.

nor, i expect, would they want english teachers grading the effectiveness of their sports program or evaluating their building skills.

nor would you want english teachers evaluating your students' mastery of art techniques.

there's some skill involved in all these things; but if you haven't worked in the medium, you only see the surface; you don't grasp what lies behind it.

[maryf]

53. Amen.

That is why the English teachers here are given a day to rate the ELA Regents ...

I wasn't meaning to be difficult, if we had to have non English teachers rating, I'd rather have educators of any stripe rating than non-educators who have never graded anyone else's essays... (and I was thinking about my state where literacy has to be included in all curriculae...)

Of course it should always be subject matter teachers for the appropriate tests...

[Statistical]

56. "or people who only finished 4th grade "

Not many people who didn't finish 5th grade have a Bachelors degree.

[Hannah Bell]

58. but some are better writers than people with bachelors degrees.

[uncommon]

73. Um, didn't you get the memo that a bachelor's is basically a kindergarten graduation certificate?

This conversation makes no sense.

[uncommon]

72. I'm an office worker.

And college educated. And got a 1350 on the SAT. And graduated with honors.

How's the view from your high horse? I'm positive I could grade an essay better than many teachers I have had and know.

[Hannah Bell]

82. i scored in the 99th percentile on the verbal portion of the GRE's. I

wouldn't want the me who was freshly graduated with a BA scoring essays that would determine kids and teachers' futures as a temp working at piecework rates.

[maryf]

90. Ditto

and evening kick.

[WinkyDink]

33. Why the personal question? The article stands by itself, NO?

[reggie the dog]

13. when i give essay quetions to my students

and they give me a 3 or 4 page essay my goal is to grade 3 or 4 an hour MAXIMUM!

[Hannah Bell]

15. teachers do most of their grading on their own time. they can take as little or as much time as

they feel necessary to do the task justice. they can take a break when they feel burnt out, or need a snack, or have to pee, or need a nap, without fear that they'll lose money by doing so.

i can't imagine the results of such "grading," done in a few minutes, where you're basically looking to see if criteria 1, 2, 3, & 4 are present, end of story. that's the only way they could do it in the time allotted. you wouldn't even be reading the essays after doing so many, so fast.

it's a completely pointless exercise -- on the teaching end too. because you can be damn sure that all that's being taught about writing is to have criteria 1, 2, 3, & 4 clearly present in your "essay".

[reggie the dog]

17. my place is not longer in run of the mill public schools in the usa

it makes me very sad, i wanted to teach to give back to my community, but "normal" teaching now is preparing kids to be docile worker bees, whereas i thought that i was to help kids become masters of themselves able to logically and ratinally deal with the wolrd.

now in the elitist "international sections" or international schools where i live in france they still want me to help kids refine their logical/analytical thinking (as is still stressed in the french school system) but i get to teach history in english there, the parents were very happy at the beginning of the year meeting when i told them that i would NEVER give multiple choice tests.

[maryf]

52. Critical points that many don't think about

time and diligence. On another tangent, so many teachers work over 50/60 hours a week between their contractual time and time outside of the contract to grade their tests/essays/reports/projects...

[maryf]

16. Living close to a state capital

I've seen lots of the job ads for school testing, in fact I told a retired educator friend of mine about them. One silver lining is that with all the teacher lay offs at least more teachers will be grading these tests...maybe even me! Pretty tarnished silver there. Thanks Hannah, I've often griped about this and didn't think to gripe about it here. Big K&R

[Hannah Bell]

18. tarnished silver indeed. teachers' labor builds the deprofessionalizers wealth.

[maryf]

55. Deprofessionalizers!

love that!

[Smarmie Doofus]

23. Either this administration will bring its sweatshop ethos to the teachers....

>>>>>low wages (generally $11 to $13 an hour), no benefits, and no hope of long-term employment—not exactly the most attractive conditions for trained and licensed educators.>>>>>>>


... or it will bring the teachers to its sweatshop ethos.

"Either you bring the water to L.A, or you bring L.A. to the water." - Noah Cross in CHINATOWN



edit to add: This is a pretty determined bunch, I'll give 'em that. Who knew.... when we elected them.... that they would be THIS determined.

Good god.

K and R

[Hannah Bell]

26. "its sweatshop ethos" = indeed.

[xchrom]

28. well said. nt

[leftstreet]

85. +1

[Reader Rabbit]

27. More proof that ed "reform" is really about the money.

The ed deformers complex saw how the military-industrial complex was doing it, and they wanted to get their chance to a huge chunk of taxpayer-funded profits.

[Hannah Bell]

29. i can't believe they're running these sweatshops while they simper to the public about "quality"

[blindpig]

30. Why do you hate Capitalism?

x(

[Hannah Bell]

60. you have to ask?

[blindpig]

64. ;>)

It was rhetorical.

[Hannah Bell]

81. ;>) mine too.

[Starry Messenger]

62. Ed reform perfectly illustrates these two lines of the CM for me:

The bourgeoisie has stripped of its halo every occupation hitherto honoured and looked up to with reverent awe. It has converted the physician, the lawyer, the priest, the poet, the man of science, into its paid wage labourers.

The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere.

Maybe I would have never really understood Marx if it wasn't for this squalid chapter of capitalizing public education. It made things a lot clearer to me...

[blindpig]

63. Every time you go back to it....

that document is as fresh as if it had been written yesterday.

It is really worthwhile to review the Manifesto and relate it to our current situation.

[Hannah Bell]

83. +100.

[TBF]

31. I would think about the type of test - if it is just checking to make sure the filled-in dots are

correct than it seems most temps with a college degree (or less) could handle that. If we are talking short answer/essay than I would want appropriate folks who are well-trained in their given area of expertise.

But yes this story does point out how ludicrous we are treating education, and it will show in our children. I find it interesting that the same folks who go on about ignorance in this country are the first ones to come into this thread and stick up for standardized testing.

[WinkyDink]

36. Aren't essay-tests mentioned in the article?

[TBF]

38. Yes, this cryptic reference -

"So for all the months of preparation and the dozens of hours of class time spent writing practice essays, a student’s writing probably will be processed and scored in about a minute."

They don't go into detail about make-up of the tests, but this sentence indicates that there are essay exams at the very least.

[WinkyDink]

48. Not so cryptic bolded in the OP:

the written-response portions of innumerable standardized tests given across the country are scored by human beings

[TBF]

67. That sentence is not bolded in the OP -

unless my eyesight is gone. I've read it several times and can't find it. But then I've learned in this thread if I don't parrot the party line exactly I will be screamed at so adios.

[haele]

79. The "essay tests" I've seen on recent standardized tests are still multiple choice -

They aren't really essay tests, they're directed more towards reading comprehension and "logical thinking" - and the child doesn't do much writing - he or she spends most of the essay selecting the most appropriate word or paragraph, essay structure, or concept answer on a multiple choice. At the end of the essay section, there might be a requirement to write a sentence or a paragraph.
The only essay writing I've seen children do lately is in homework exercises and the occasional in-class project or test.

Haele

[Hannah Bell]

43. it's the essay portion of the standardized tests.

did you read the article?

[TBF]

65. No I came up with that quote out of my ass. Yes I read the article. nt

[Hannah Bell]

84. "I remember reading, for twenty-three straight days,

the responses of thousands of middle-schoolers to the question, “What is a goal of yours in life?” A plurality devoted several paragraphs to explain that their life’s goal was to talk less in class, listen to their teacher, and stop fooling around so much....

Ironically, scorers are often delighted to see papers that show individuality and speak in their own voice, and often reward them with higher scores, though, judging by the papers I’ve read, it appears as if students often explicitly are told not to be creative...

The papers are also a testament to the persistence of racism, describing teenagers kicked out of stores or denied service or jobs because of the color of their skin...

The companies responsible for scoring standardized tests have not yet figured out a way to electronically process the varied handwriting and creative flourishes of millions of third to twelfth graders... Instead, every year, the written-response portions of innumerable standardized tests given across the country are scored by human beings—tens of thousands of us, a veritable army of temporary workers.

So for all the months of preparation and the dozens of hours of class time spent writing practice essays, a student’s writing probably will be processed and scored in about a minute.

[proud2BlibKansan]

59. The bubbled answers are scored by a computer

The scoring in the OP is referring to essay tests.

[WinkyDink]

37. I'll be brash:

http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=view_all&address=439x254719

[TBF]

39. Just rec'd your OP as well, and I believe that "destroy the unions"

has been a battlecry for awhile now, and not just republican administrations. Arne Duncan as head of the Dept of Education underscores that desire ...

[Starry Messenger]

41. I'm so glad this is getting WIDER exposure.

Hannah, I started reading about this last year. Get this book: Making The Grades http://www.amazon.com/Making-Grades-Misadventures-Standardized-Industry/dp/098170915X

YOU WILL VOMIT.

I don't know why this issue isn't a front page scandal on every newspaper--oh wait, they are owned by the same companies as the test companies...

These tests are not only scored by very unqualified pieceworkers, the test scores themselves are often tailored down or up depending on pre-ordained score brackets determined by "psychometricians"--a group of people decides that statistically a group of kids should only hit a certain mark, and if the scores don't match that then the test scorers have to go back and change the scores.

IT IS A TREMENDOUS FUCKING SCAM.

[Hannah Bell]

50. yes, that part got me too. the statistical piece -- the way they're doing it --

is complete bullshit.

it's a scam on so many levels it's infuriating. yet it's so multifaceted & so convoluted to explain that if you don't already have some background knowledge you'll be met with blank stares.

it's hard to combat the parrot-like talking points of the deformers.

i can't get over how they spout the corporate bullshit about "quality education" while running low-wage pieceowork sweatshops to grade essays. horrible.

[Starry Messenger]

54. It's not just the essays either.

All the exams are scored this way. The tests are written by the companies, scored by the companies, sold by the companies. Farley just wrote a little more about his experiences in this recent article:

http://voices.washingtonpost.com/answer-sheet/guest-bloggers/are-common-core-standards-real.html

By Todd S. Farley
If there’s one thing the uber-confident if minimally experienced education reformers can agree on, it’s that this country’s students need “high standards.” The thought is that the high expectations of “high standards” in our schools will allow the United States to overcome any educational deficiencies we face (even the huge hurdle of our terrible teachers). This clamoring to raise the bar for our students is how we ended up with the revolutionary Common Core Standards, those academic benchmarks the reformers hope will lead us back to an educational promised land (also known as “Finland”).

<snip>

For instance, the following multiple-choice question (written to a passage about feuding neighbors) is aligned to the Common Core Standards:

With which universal idea does this passage mostly deal?
E) the importance of overcoming grudges
F) the continued strength of the human spirit
G) the rebirth that happens each spring
H) the redemptive abilities of hard work

The specific Common Core Standard that item is aligned to identifies it as a “Literature” question focused on “Key Ideas and Details” that specifically can show whether or not a student is able to “Determine a theme or central idea of a text and analyze in detail its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text.”

Heady talk indeed, all those impressive words summarizing up that short, little question.

In any case, that item is being sold as one aligned to the Common Core Standards, part of the new wave of new assessments that will shake this country’s schools right to the foundation. Or not, if you consider that same, exact question is also being sold for use on myriad other state tests.

Every time there is a "new test", someone is getting paid. A lot. That "quality education" is like New Coke©. Branding and nothing more. Education reform is cash on the barrel head.

[Hannah Bell]

57. "That "quality education" is like New Coke©. "

yes. the whole thing = business model through & through. every facet.

including the sweatshop hidden in the background.

[Starry Messenger]

88. kick

[Generic Other]

61. Pathetic!

Clearly unqualified people decide if qualified educators have done their job in high stakes testing whose results are meaningless and arbitrary.

[lonestarnot]

66. So go there with a hang-over and just bubble in shit?

That's what I did and graduated from college summa cum laude. :) Fuck the testers!

[WhiteTara]

68. now we have another real reason for the testing

model...income for giant corps...again.

[WinkyDink]

70. FOLLOW THE MONEY. It was true in 1974; it is true today, in spades.

[Joe Fields]

74. not much different than the many teachers who have students grade papers.

Which, I may add, that in either case is wrong. I would like to know why these standardized tests aren't graded by the teachers who give them.

[Hannah Bell]

86. where is this that students grade papers? you mean teaching assistants in universities?

[progressoid]

75. Woohoo! We're racin' to the top!!11!

:banghead:

[abbiehoff]

76. It's not so much who is doing the scoring ---

it's that the criteria can change from day to day; even hour to hour.

My late husband did this scoring for a while after he lost his regular job. He had several degrees and was really quite bright. The problem was that the leaders changed the process depending upon the scores they were getting. Many of the student responses to a prompt were scored as 0 to 4 points. A point would be given for specific words that were mentioned. It could be clear that the student knew what he was talking about, but if he didn't use the approved word, he did not get the point attributable to the designated word. If too many students were failing, the rules would change, and more words, words that had been unacceptable the day before, were given the point. A paper that got a '2' on Tuesday might have gotten a '3' on Thursday if the student had been lucky enough to have his paper show up late in the process.

[Hannah Bell]

87. I'm sure many of the scorers are quite bright. obviously the author is as well.

it's that the qualification is a BA in anything, not how "bright" one is;

it's that the work is temp work, performed under factory conditions, with minimal training and no connection to the bigger picture;

it's that the pay & benefits are on par with fast food work;

it's that, as you say, the scoring is adjusted to fit pre-determined metrics;

it's that kids' & teachers' futures are determined on the basis of these scores.

[maryf]

91. and how many of these people know what a rubric is?

and how to judge if it's a good one?

[DirkGently]

77. Countdown until Education, Inc. outsources grading to India.

[yurbud]

78. Any politician who supports this agenda is corrupt: it is selling our kids like meat to

these scammers who will make a profit by giving the least product for the most money.

[Initech]

80. Every day more and more I'm beginning to see why the Bolsheviks revolted.

[defendandprotect]

92. K/R

[LWolf]

93. This needs to be heard, repeatedly, by the general public.

Thank you for bringing it to a larger audience here, Hannah.

[DebJ]

94. OMG I wish everyone knew this. n/t