U.S. involvement in a foreign country's affairs, I find it...
http://www.state.gov/e/eb/ifd/2005/42065.htmUnder Secretary for Economic, Energy and Agricultural Affairs
Kazakhstan
2005 INVESTMENT CLIMATE STATEMENT -- KAZAKHSTAN
Openness to Foreign Investment
Kazakhstan has made significant progress toward creating a
market economy since its independence in 1991. The European
Union in 2000 and the U.S. Department of Commerce in March
2002 recognized the success of Kazakhstan's reforms by
granting it market economy status. Kazakhstan also has
attracted significant foreign investment since independence.
By September 2004, foreign investors had invested a gross
amount of about $29.5 billion in Kazakhstan,primarily in the
oil and gas sector, during the country's thirteen years of
independence,. Following independence, the government
created a favorable regime for oil and gas investments at
the same time that it undertook other liberalizing economic
measures and began an ambitious privatization program.
This record of market-oriented reform and successful
attraction of investment
has been progressively undermined
over the last four years by a growing tendency on the part
of the government to challenge contractual rights, to
legislate preferences for domestic companies, and to create
mechanisms for government intervention in foreign companies'
operations, particularly procurement decisions. Together
with vague and contradictory legal provisions that are often
arbitrarily and inconsistently enforced, these negative
tendencies feed a growing perception that Kazakhstan is
becoming less open to investment.
Largest Investments as of 2004:
1. TengizChevrOil (TCO). TCO, a joint venture (50% owned
by Chevron Texaco, 25% by Exxon Mobil, 20% by the Government
of Kazakhstan, and 5% by LucArco) was formed as part of a 40-
year, $20 billion agreement signed in 1993. By 2001, the
joint venture partners had invested more than $2.1 billion
in TCO. In 2002 TCO produced nearly 300,000 bpd. As of
June 2003, TCO was implementing a $3.5-4 billion, three-year
expansion project to increase production to 570,000 bpd.
TCO member companies are also major shareholders in the
Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) pipeline from the Caspian
across southern Russia to the Black Sea. The $2.5 billion
pipeline began transporting Tengiz crude to world markets in
2001. CPC shareholders hope to more than double pipeline
capacity to transport increased TCO volumes.